Ancient Epic and Tragedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

old-fashioned Epic and Tragedy - Es recite ExampleSeated around the altar of genus Zeus are Amphitryon, the existence known as the father of Heracles, Megara, the wife of Heracles, and the three sons of Megara and Heracles. Heracles himself is believed to be dead, descended into the moguldom of Hades to retrieve the three-headed cut through Cerberus, never to return. Amphitryon summarizes the history of the family as the play opens, introducing Megara and her three children and repeating the reason why Heracles had to leave his family. He embarked on his tasks for Eurystheus in clubhouse to succeed to the Fortress of Argos. However, because of the circumstances of his birth, Heracles has always to contend with the jealousy of Hera, the queen mole rat of heaven Whether Heras jealousy, or Fates decree, imposed/Such labours on him, who can say? (154) Heracles father is Zeus, the king of heaven, who seduced Alcmene, the wife of Amphitryon. Amphitryon raised Heracles as his own son a nd loves and protects Heracles sons as his grandchildren. Megaras father, Creon, was king of Thebes but has recently been deposed by Lycus this makes their situation very bleak and dangerous, Amphitryon statesGrandfather, mother and children are hemmed in and menace on all sides. Murder leads to more murder in the rhetoric of this kind of tragedy. Lycus, in order to seize and consolidate power, must murder the royal family and all their descendents and relatives he can get door to. So, the family tableau with which the play opens, is one of tragic proportions already as they are prisoners of Lycus surrounding the altar of Zeus to appeal to the gods for their help. Overruling anything Megara might be able to do, however, is the jealousy of Hera that manipulates the situation around Heracles. Megara asks So now, father, what hope, what means to economize our lives/Have you in mind? (155).Hope is the talisman that Amphitryon hangs on to and hope is centered upon Heracles.

The Border DisputeWar Between Umma and Lagash Essay

The Border DisputeWar Between Umma and Lagash - Essay ExampleThe border dissension and warf atomic number 18 between Umma and Lagash has a prominent place in the history of mankind as this tag the lone(prenominal) recorded dispute between ii city states over the issue of water and agriculture. The only recorded incident of an outright war over water was 4,500 years ago between two Mesopotamian city-states, Lagash and Umma, in the region we now call southern Iraq. (Postel and Wolf, 60) Umma is greatly famous for the important wars that it fought against Lagash and the chief pauperism of these wars was to free itself from paying tributes to the other city state. Competition for the open areas in the Near East followed the elaborateness of the city states zone of influence and the border dispute and war between Umma and Lagash is one of the finest illustrations of the intercity wars over rustic land. In fact, the increased competition over land among these city states is explicit as demonstrated in the series of documents found in the southern state of Lagash. Over a period of 150 years, from about(predicate) 2500 to 2350, the kings of Lagash appropriated their accounts of a border troth with their northern neighbor Umma. The war was described in terms of a dispute between Ningirsu, patron deity of Lagash, and Shara, god of Umma, over an area of fields called Guedena, edge of the plain. (Mieroop, 45) This paper undertakes an analysis of the events that caused the dispute and war between Umma and Lagash which has got immense significance to the historians. The city states of Sumerian civilization began to build upin past Mesopotamia around the year 4000 BC and one of the most significant outcomes of these developments was the emergence of several conflicts among them. Following such(prenominal) crucial wars among the city states, the relevance of warfare also increased and factors such as wealth, the availability of transportation, irrigation, luxury g oods such as timber, stone and metals etc determined the warfare of the city states. The grandness of the conflict between Umma and Lagash is that it was the early recorded war between any city states. The city states of Lagash and Umma were on the competition the possession and agrarian usufruct of the fertile region of Guendena for several generations. The war was caused by the violation of an earlier boundary treaty by Umma and Lagash began the war with Umma. The king of Umma was defeated by Eannatum of Lagash in this war which is important for a commemorative stele known as The Stele of Vultures. Although it is not the earliest conflict, the first war for which there is any detailed evidence occurred between Lagash and Umma in 2525 B.C., two Sumerian cities located eighteen miles apart The importance of this war to the military historian lies in a commemorative stele that Eannatum erected to celebrate his victory. (Early Sumerian Warfare) The historical importance of The Stel e of Vultures was that it corresponds to the first important pictorial of war in the Sumerian period and, thus, there are significant pictorial evidences of the border conflict between Umma and Lagash. The most important document illustrating the border conflict and war between the city states of Umma and Lagash is the account given by King Enmetena and the beginning of Early dynastic III marks the best documented period for military history. The series of martial inscriptions by the warrior kings of Lagash (2495-2345 BC) provide a clear picture of the war history

Is Facebook better than twitter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Facebook dampen than twitter - Essay ExampleAs a cordial network, Facebook proves to be to a greater extent versatile and elastic to use. According to Yagaswara (2010), people are able to upload pictures, games, videos and various apps to their profile. On the early(a) hand, Twitter is a platform for texts with so much sharing of links. Facebook, because of its simplicity, tend to be more active since it has implemented more tools to ensure the public enjoy the services such as the new Facebook Mobile Interface. Twitter, on the other hand, has made efforts to become more versatile as seen with some services such as the energy to link your account to services such as LinkedIn. Twitter also counters Facebook option of sharing pictures use the Twitpic application that allows people to share pictures.Facebook and Twitter social networks are the most used social networks as compared to other services such as MySpace and LinkedIn. Facebook was launched in 2004 while Twitter was st arted in 2006. Brock (2011) claims that the key line of work between the two networking platforms is seen in the methods of communication. Facebook seems to be more passive while Twitter seems to have a more active ad involving form of communication where people tend to be more conversational. With Twitter, it eternally seems like a giant party where people for not know each other plainly are willing to make friends. On the other hand, Facebook comes out as a wedding answer that is comprised of Family and friends. The main business in Twitter is acknowledging and adding onto what someone has said or shared regardless of how finishing you are. Contrary, Facebook depends on the relationship with your friends. With no friends in Facebook, you can never enjoy the service since the impact is deliberate with the number of shares, likes and comments. Another issue that most people consider when deciding on their ideal social media service is the issue of privacy. Privacy tends to be paramount to the

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

chore Economics - Essay Example(Hay, 2009, p. 461) The bubble formed by the housing price was the initiator of the habitual global economic crisis brought over to the whole world. What initiated the crisis was the bursting of the kin price bubble in the United States and the job was magnified by the aggressive owe lending prices. The housing grocery or the real body politic market comprises of several differentiated markets as the owner occupied market, rental housing market, urban descent properties market that is the factories, shops and the offices, the agricultural land markets and the recreational properties. There are five main antecedents that are held prudent for the house price bubbles they are low inte easing rates, development of new and innovative financial products which facilitated the accessibility of the credit, the tax treatment was also in favor of the debt-financed and owner-occupied housing shortage in the bring home the bacon of land in the attract ive urban areas, ontogenesis in the purchase of houses as a rental property or for speculative purposes. (Muller, Almy, Engelschalk, 2009, pp. 17-20 UK Economy in Worst Crisis in 60 years, 2008) The Housing market Crash The UK housing market The real house prices give grown stronger over the past years, which have been volatile accompanied by macroeconomic fluctuations. The UK Housing market has gone through significant agitation since the early 1980. In the period between 1982-1989, the market experienced a rapid rise in the housing prices, but meanwhile the housing prices showed a downward trend during the period 1990-1992 resulting in house price inflation. Accruing to the high economic proceeds in the years 1992 and 1993, the housing market in UK witnessed an increase in the average house price inflation, which originated in London and the South East region, which had a riffle down effect towards the north. The UK housing markets are the result of the personal sector wealth proportion, which was invested in the owner occupied dwellings. The UK owner occupied dwellings accounted for 20 percent in 1960, which increased to 40 percent in 1990s. Highest owner- occupation rates and the lowest private renting characterize UK. The main reason which drove the financial turbulence in the housing market in 1980s are the liberalization of the financial markets and the form _or_ system of government of Right to Buy which ensured the transformation of the population from the rented house to the private own occupied house. The increase in the competition among the lenders resulted in the fact that the borrowers get loans. This resulted in an increase in the household sector mortgage indebtedness from 25 percent in 1980 to 75 percent in 1992. The average mortgage cast out reached its highest 60.1 percent in the year 1986, and thereby remained at a steady 58 percent for the rest of the 1980s. The house price inflation was fueled by the amalgamation of factors like i ncreased in gather up for housing, rising incomes, and an increases in the competition to supply mortgage lending. (Figueira, Glen, Nellis, 2005, p. 1756 UK house prices drop like a rock, 2008) The reason behind the crash The main reason behind the UK housing crash was its serendipitously stumbling upon the economic growth trajectories, which were mainly consumer-led and private debt financed in the early 1990s. Both

Financial accounting College Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

financial accounting College - Assignment ExampleSuch grants can be shown all individually or beneath a sub-heading which is a heading and is general in nature like Other income or else, they are subtracted in accounting the connected expense.In the afterthought to paragraph 9 of IAS 18, sales of Real land is stated as Revenue is normally recognized when effective title passes to the buyer. However, in some jurisdictions the faithful interest in a property may vest in the buyer before legal title passes and therefore the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred at that stage. In such cases, provided that the seller has no raise substantial acts to complete under the contract, it may be appropriate to recognize revenue.At the boon time, real soil creators understand IFRSs otherwise and scan revenue for the sale of the estates at diffe involve times. some real estate creators document revenue only after they have passed on the finished unit to the buyer, while others record revenue in advance, as crook progresses, by indication to the stage of climax of the real estate for sale.This explanation p This explanation proposes to standardize accounting pattern amongst real estate creators for sales of units, like apartments or houses, off plan, that is prior to plait being completed. As of now, real estate creators train the option of either to record the revenue only after they have actually handed everyplace the finished unit to the buyer or before, as construction progresses, by referring to the stage of finishing construction of the development. The understanding suggests that revenue should be entered as construction builds up only if the creator is rendering construction services, and not only selling goods (for example completed real estate units). It also suggests features that suggest that the trafficker is giving construction services.The accounting treatment would not have been different even if there was rent guarantee on onl y some of the flats.Issue 3It is essential that particulars of all monies received either as advance or otherwise are identified and properly recorded so that collections on or before the due date becomes easier. Also if refund takes place then the company has to record it as and when it takes place. Such refund

Business History Analysis of Globalization Essay

Business History analysis of Globalization - Essay ExampleIs globalization restricted to the business world only? The concept of globalization has entered almost in all beas of our lives be it business, language, education, culture, lifestyle and other psychological and social behavior patterns. It is argued that we are fast losing our unique identity and sense of belonging and are moving towards globalized identity. This paper aims at canvas the historical background of transnationals and the creation of global capitalism. It will in any case study the pattern of its growth that is believed to be non linear and will try to find if the global unwaverings and global capitalism really is inevitable. Multinationals and Global capitalism Multinationals are firms that operate in more than one country. They are the main source of flow of practicement, foxiness and knowledge that transcends boundaries, which is the essence of the globalization process. Multinationals only proved to be the beginning of the globalization process. Globalization in the last two decades has entered every aspect of our lives in unimaginable way. Yet its extent and background is appease debatable. Globalization is referred to as a process of increasing integration in the civilized world (Gills et al. 2006). on that point are differing opinions about the history of globalization ranging from world war two to as old as sixteenth century. The extent of globalization today is also debatable some regard world as fast becoming borderless while others regard it just as a fallacy. The impact and consequences of globalization is also two tongued sword. On a positive note it has lead to convergence between countries entirely on a negative note it has resulted on more inequalities between countries and leading to erosion of reign of nations. There are differing viewpoints about causes of globalization as well. Some believe that developments in the communication and transferee technology is responsible for globalization while others regard businesses and governments as the main force behind globalization. check to this viewpoint multinationals has proved to be the forerunners of globalization (Toyne et al, 1997). Multinationals The role of multinationals in globalization cannot be fully mute without the sound understanding of multinationals and its historical background. The term multinational enterprise was used in the latter one-half of the twentieth century although firms had started to invest offshore in the nineteenth century. A multinational is an organization that has its restrict operations and income generating assets in more than one country. Home country of multinationals is called home economy and the other countries where they invest are called host economies or host countries. Usually the no of host economies should exceed five or six and they should be of considerable size as well for an organization to be called multinational. If a firms internationa l operations are very extensive then it is called global organization. A multinational firm makes two types on investing in the host economy, portfolio investment and foreign direct investment (FDI). Portfolio investment is the acquisition of securities with no involvement in the charge of the host economies. FDI involves control over the management as well. FDI gives ownership

Legalization of Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalization of Marijuana - Research root word ExampleTeenagers are naturall(a)y inquisitive, one of the justifications given for this age group experimenting with drugs. They also are fain to become bored easily and acknowledge recurrent emotional highs and lows, all probable factors in jejune marijuana theatrical role. do drugs habit increases the chance that teenagers will contract a social disease, become pregnant, finish inadequately in school and attempt suicide as this paper will examine. State and documentation Three Claims Adoles centimes are in a more vulnerable life circumstance than are adults because teens are still developing in every submitt of their lives. Regrettably, it is this same group that has the most access to marijuana as schools have become prolific illegal drug stores. Statistics collected by the National take on Drug Abuse demonstrate that schoolchildren have easy access to drugs and alcohol. The average age of freshman alcohol use is 12 and t he average age of first drug use is 13. Almost two-thirds of all American young people try illicit drugs before they finish high school (Anderson, 1996) The birth between illegal drug use among teens and an increased occurrence of switch onual activity is a broadly accepted reality by both researchers and the general public. Many studies have time and again demo an association between unsafe sex activityual behavior and illegal drug use by teenagers. Drug users are more prone to take risks than do teens that dont use drugs. This may be an obvious assertion but a tendency to take unnecessary chances with their health combined with a lowering of inhibitions while on drugs and the inherent need of all teens to feel accepted by their couple group leads to increased sexual activity. This problematic circumstance also enhances the chance of teens having multiple sexual partners, having sex at an earlier age and decreases the odds that they will utilize contraception than those that do not use marijuana. Teens 15 and older who use drugs are five propagation more likely to have sex than are those teens who do not use drugs and teens who have used marijuana are four times more likely to have been pregnant or to have gotten someone pregnant than teens who have never smoked pot (The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1997). Teenagers are more emotionally unstable younger children and adults which explains the higher suicide rate among that age group. A study involving teenagers found that of those who move suicide, illegal drug abuse was the most often shared aspect of their lives. Of the teens that committed suicide, 70 per cent were regular users of illegal drugs and/or alcohol. However, this study and current research reveal that drug use all may not instigate suicide just that drug use and teen suicide is statically related. Teens who experience emotional troubles to a higher degree than their classmates have an even greater likelihood of cons idering suicide and to use illegal drugs. Additionally drugs could magnify a pre-existing emotional condition and may impair the taste of teens considering suicide, making suicide attempts more likely (Shaffer et al, 1996). Discussing Arguments Dialogue The majority and probably all countries of the world face the steady trafficking of illegal drugs across their borders. Countries are increasingly realizing that the illegal importation of drugs, a criminal act, more often than not involves people of foreign origin, is ultimately more harmful to society than is

EU Law Enforcement Mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU police force Enforcement Mechanisms - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that the focal point is the chief enforcement authority, with fancy to competition rules, and it effects this through the board of directors General for Competition. The Commission can initiate an investigation on its own. This could be on the basis of stub out reports or its investigation on the basis of the powers conferred upon it by Article 17 of Regulation 1/2003. In addition, bailiwicks arise from complaints made by individuals or admissions of having open frameed the rules by undertakings. Initially, the Commission will make an investigation into the claim. During the work of investigation, the Commission is empowered to direct undertakings to furnish information and conduct interviews. This measure is aimed at enabling the Commission to determine whether the undertaking has breached the law. Furthermore, the Commission has been vested with the power to search business premises and private homes, and impound tending(p) documents. However, before making a search, the Commission has to take the permission of the national Court. Specifically, the Commission is empowered by Article 18(1) of the Regulation 1/2003 to instruct undertakings to provide information related to the infringement in question. A recent development is that the Commission relies on the statements made to it by parties. While providing information to the Commission, an undertaking runs the encounter of incriminating itself. This violates the right against self incrimination and the ECJ has accorded partial recognition to this right. Thus, this right applies to a party that has to tell under pain of fine. In case there is no fine involved, there is no such(prenominal) right, as the party is at liberty to ignore the direction of the Commission.8 Even if there is the possibility of a fine being imposed for remaining silent, the right is limited in extent. This was amply illustrated in the case Orkem v Commissio n.9 The Commission has the authority to decide whether a particular piece of information is essential for establishing breach of competition rules. As a consequence, even if it has proof regarding such infringement, it can nevertheless, request for additional information.10 such additional information could be necessary for describing the infringement in a better manner.. As such, with regard to infringements in the economic area, it cannot be assumed that an undertaking is entitled to withhold

The role of the HR function Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The role of the HR character - Assignment ExampleSelf development plan not only provides the self reflection besides it also sets the path straight in terms of c areer Personal development program is genuinely important. It provides the framework to the individual to conduct personalised self assessment and identify his strengths and weaknesses. It helps in charting out the guidepost to optimize and capitalize on the existing capabilities and determine the future path. It helps in identifying the areas of development and ways to rear capabilities and knowledge and helps in deciding and developing a clear picture of the future in terms of career. Personal development plan is geared towards progress of both record and self. A clear synopsis of existing capabilities and desired ones helps in boosting self esteem and a clear picture of the future modify to add appropriate qualifications especially when you are vying for higher position (Attwood, 2005). This paper aims at creati ng my own personal development plan in the light of the different theories of personality, knowledge and leadership. Personal Development Plan A personal development plan consists of the following major steps. 1. What is my current state 2. What is my desired state 3. How do I get there? What is needed 4. ... So it is beneficial to identify the personality type starting using the Myers Brigg Type Indicator (MBTI). MBTI It is one of the best known and most widely used for identifying personality and learning style. MBTI identifies the psychological type on four different scales namely Extraversion Vs Introversion (E-I), percept Vs Intuition (S-I), Thinking vs. Feelings (T-F) and Judging vs. perceiving (Gardner, 2009). The E-I indicator shows whether the energy and attention primarily comes from inside or from outback(a) events. S-I indicators shows how the individual perceive the world and take the information whether directly from the five senses i.e. sensing or indirectly by us ing intuition. T-I indicator shows preferences in decision making either logical and rational or subjective values like establish on like and dislike. The last indicator is J-P that shows individuals choice whether to use judging or perceptive attitude for dealing with the environment (Knights et al 2007). I took MBTI online test to identify my personality. The test identified my personality type as ESFP. It shows I am an extroverted and I have the following characteristics sociable, outgoing, talkative, gregarious, active, optimist and impulsive. In my perceptions I rely on my five senses. Both of them are my strengths. However in my judgments I am not rational and logical and mostly make judgments based on my likes and dislike. That is a weakness. My attitude in dealing with the environment is based on perception sooner than judging, it can also be considered a weakness (Ewing, 2006) Learning Style There are sise types of learning styles namely reading, writing, listening, speak ing, visualizing and manipulating. No one style is better than the other. Generally people use the learning style

Fairytales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fairytales - Essay ExampleAn important theme of Cinderella is male superiority. entirely manpower discussed in the apologue be in dominating and controlling positions and accordingly, the women are shown in humble positions to the men. There are twain men performing primary(prenominal) roles in the narration i.e. Cinderellas contract and the kings son. While Cinderellas mystify is shown to be a rich small-arm, her mother is verbalise to be old and sick. Death of Cinderellas mother is an important event in the story as it changes Cinderellas life. It does not take Cinderellas father long to get marital to another woman, and at that place is no mention of memories or love of Cinderellas mother in her fathers nous or heart in the story that follows. This is suggestive of the notion that it is very easy for a man to forget a woman and that a man never falls short of women ready to be his wife, irrespective of his age. While her father happens to be a rich man, this hardly h elps Cinderella in any way. Her father does not intervene anywhere as Cinderellas step-mother and step-sisters make her their servant. This is suggestive of the ignorance of men toward women even in the position of their children, thus again mentioning the superiority of men over women in a way. Finally, when the king organizes the festival, its main purpose is to provide the prince with an opportunity to have all the beautiful girls in the town right in front of him and select anyone he wants to marry among them as his future wife. Not just this, but as well as the element that all girls in the town are so eager to be there at the festival, knowing the purpose for which it has been arranged suggests that men are far advanced in terms of military force and superiority in comparison to women. It is understood that any girl the prince would pick up would sure be his wife, there is no question of the girls readiness for this. Even Cinderella, the main character of the story with whom , children sympathize and whom they love finds a way to attend the festival. All these elements imprint this fact in the minds of the children that men assume a strange and obvious sort of superiority over the women. Rapunzel Rapunzel is another fairytale that never fails to get admiration from the little readers. There are many elements in the story that spark avocation for it in the children. Some of these elements include the long and beautiful hair of Rapunzel, the garden that accommodates all sorts of beautiful flowers, not to mention, the magical rampions in it, use of the long hair of Rapunzel as a rope, and most importantly, her pitiful life. For a fact, a common element between many fairytales is that the main character of girl in the story is always pretty but is in pitiful circumstances, waiting for a prince to come to her rescue. Rapunzel is no diverse in this sense. Marriage is an important theme of Rapunzel. All couples talked about in the story are married couples. When children read such stories in their childhood, they are raised with the assumption that espousals is the only way two people can live together and procreate in the society. Such stories lay the foundation of the central status of marriage as the building block of the society and the criticism toward cohabitation and same sex marriage observed in everyday life. The story starts with the depiction of a couple of man and woman that are husband and wife to each other and have a

Global Candy and Chocolate Manufacturing Industry Essay - 1

world(a) Candy and Chocolate Manufacturing Industry - Essay ExampleAlso, the established confectionery manufacturers address the health noted health concerns through the production of new products. Most notable implicate low caloric confectionery, candy and specialty production of coffee tree. According to the prevailing circumstances, the industry estimates an annual exploitation of 0.5% to $127.6 billion until the end of 2015. 1It also entails an estimated increase of approximately 2.0% in 2015 because of the stable chocolate and cocoa prices.The approaching of Global Candy and Chocolate Manufacturing Company is poignant. It is anticipated the growth of the mature markets in Japan, United States, Australia and europium shall remain slow through 2020. During the period, machinists will strive to shall promote product innovation to stimulate demand. On the contrary, newly industrialized nations such as Latin America, South East Asia, and Russia anticipate an increase in demand for the sugar and chocolate confectionery. Furthermore, the spherical market prices shall increase thus increasing the industrys overall in this income. In this regard, the industry anticipates an annualized growth of 2.2% to $142.4 billion in the subsequent years until 2020.2The unwaveringly operates in the mature stage of the life cycle. Its industry value added ( marsh elder) is projected to lag behind the global GDP growth in the next ten years through to 2020. IVA quantifies a high societys contribution to the global economy. Thus, it designates maturity of the industry. In the same measure, IBIS World anticipates the businesss IVA shall rise to an annual level of 2.4% for the 10-year period. The growth is comparable to projected annual average growth of 3.5% for cosmos GDP over the period. Even though the firm projects an increase in demand for candy and chocolate in developing countries, the declining demand for the product in mature markets shall hinder the overall expans ion of the industry.The Global Candy and Chocolate Manufacturing

Issues in Corporate finance group coursework Essay

Issues in Corporate finance group coursework - Essay frameworkThis implies that managers of modern corporations are judged by the level of the monetary strategies they undertake in improving the commercial interests of the investors. In measuring the effectiveness of the fiscal strategies undertaken by the management, financial reviews of asset utilisation, dividend payout, profitability, solvency level, and liquidity are undertaken. This range of financial measures helps in demonstrating the attractiveness of given corporations in enhancing the wealth maximization of the investors. This is because the measures help in predicting the potential of the heterogeneous firms in surviving and remaining profitable in the market to increase the wealth of the investors. This paper reviews the financial strategies undertaken in four public traded companies across different markets globally. The four corporations reviewed include 21Vianet Group Incorporation from China, Microsoft great dea l from America, Pearson Corporation from United Kingdom and Abakanvagonmash from the Russian market. Furthermore, the paper has undertaken a fundamental analysis of the effectiveness of the financial strategies that have been undertaken by the management of the heterogeneous corporations reviewed in the research device.In financing their asset acquisition, the discordant corporations employ diverse financing strategies as illustrated in the table below. The financing of the capital structure of the various corporations is made up of debt and equity. 2013 financial year results have been employed in calculating the debt and equity similitude of the four firms.The computations undertaken above implies majority of the corporations been analyzed employ equity in financing their asset acquisition. barely 21Vianet Group Incorporation employs debt financing more than equity as illustrated above.The four companies analyzed in this project research have undertaken significant

Environmental Implications and the Potential of Biotechnology Essay

Environmental Implications and the Potential of bioengineering - Essay warningThis essay stresses that several definitions exist for biotechnology, one of the more general and appealing definitions is the use of living organisms, cells or cellular components for the production of compounds or precise genetic improvement of living things for the benefit of man. Biotechnology has assumed a certain prominence in the relatively recent past despite having been do for thousands of years. Progress in biotechnology was enabled as a result of the twentieth century advances in physics, chemistry, engineering, ready reckoner application, and information technology and it was these advances that resulted in the evolution of modern biotechnology. Rapidly increasing regimen prices which have do it difficult for the poor to afford food and a growing awareness of environmental problems that have been cause by a predominate use of fossil fuels have made advances in biotechnology.This report mak es a finish that governments and international agencies must act to find ways in which biotechnology can be used to solve the urgent problems of the poor from all around the world. It makes sense to try to produce more food locally so that the local poor can maintain at least some musical note of life. Increasing fuel prices cannot justify massive flows of agricultural products around the world and it is important to try not to waste precious resources. Thus, the benefits of biotechnology should be made available to the poor on affordable terms.

Money & Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Money & Banking - Essay manakinThe Fed comes out with the monetary policy in order to ensure a certain key objectives like, delivering price stability with a low inflation level coupled with an objective to support the judicatures frugal objectives of growth and employment. To understand how the Fed monitors price think regulations to keep a check on inflation, we whitethorn consider a small example of the regulation of house and lieu prices. To take any decisions related to lodge in rates keeping in mind the ongoing inflation rate, the Fed must be thorough with the booming property prices and must take steps to ensure that the prices are not artificial.Government intervenes through its central bank to regulate the prices of many commodities, similarly it also regulates the prices of houses like any new(prenominal) important commodity. Fed has the responsibility to keep a check on as repair prices including the prices of houses. There eject be a number of reasons why the pri ces of houses may shoot up, like the simple rule of enquire and supply has a definite impact. (Demand and Supply for trapping).Other reasons behind a change in property prices can be Mortgages. A mortgage is the money borrowed to buy a house, as for most sight buying a house is not easy. Over the years mortgage market has picked up greatly and the current scenario is totally different from the one that existed in the beginning. Mortgages were supplied only by the building societies. Building societies were non-profit institutions and back up only the members for the grant of loans, so the people who were members and had contributed to an extent for a considerable period of time got loans intimately and account with building societies became the only means to get mortgages. Soon these societies had to compete with the banks and other financial institutions vary in granting housing loans. This price war resulted in a greater demand for owner diligent houses and consequently the demand for houses grew stronger, resulting in a substantial increase in price. (The UK lodging Market - Factors Influencing the Housing Market Mortgages) Besides the above-mentioned factor of mortgages there are other factors like stamp trading and planning that affect the market for housing. Mortgage interest relief at source (MIRAS) was a task concession to owning a house. It reduced the house owners liability to income tax as the money spent on the interest on mortgage was considered to be tax-free. This made borrowings cheaper and as a result there was a huge demand for housing and the prices shot up. With the introduction of MIRAS in 1990 many people were exempted from stamp duty. (The UK Housing Market - Factors Influencing the Housing Market Stamp Duty and Planning) The central bank sets a fixed interest rate at which it lends money to financial institutions and depending on this interest rate, individual banks and other financial institutions set up their own interest rat es, which apply to the whole economy. This step is of indispensable importance to the economy, as this is very widely used to contain inflation. The only purpose behind such a step is equitable to contain undue inflationary levels prevailing in an economy. The point to be noted here is that,

Tradeswomen in Early America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tradeswomen in Early America - seek ExampleWomen of all races were expect to do their share of take to the woods, and it would have been considered odd or even incredible for them to refuse. Interestingly enough, many women actually became shoemakers during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, but societal attitudes toward this work were unsurprising given the period. Men who made shoes for a living did precisely that - they were skilled artisans and expected to be compensated for their work. Women, however, often worked at home rather than in a shop and performed scarce the same work for little or no wages.For example, in her book Men, Women, and Work, Blewett (1990) recounts the story of Sarah Smith Emery, who lived in Essex County, Massachusetts in the late eighteenth century, and whose uncles Joe and Ben ran a shoe-making store. One time, the men received an order for unitary hundred pairs of sealskin boots that had to be finished in five dollar bill days (p. 4). She recounts how, after Sarah had stitched for five days, her fianc found her exhausted and covered with dirty sealskin oilHer account of the incident mentions no wages paid to her for the work (p. 4). In a case such as this, a woman became a realistic slave to her family.

Emerging possibilities and ongoing reforms Essay Example for Free

Emerging possibilities and on-going reforms EssayIn twenty-first century, nations argon increasingly becoming diverse, globalised, and complex and media structured. This rapidly changing ground filled with fantastic refreshful tribulations chooses to be addressed using exciting new emergent possibilities. To adopt new possibilities, modern upbringing reforms are progressively driven by a outgrowth understanding of what works in development and how to go about productively improving tenet and learnedness in schools.This essay depart focus on emerging possibilities and ongoing reform in special information that are necessary for 21st century learning and hence need to be embraced twain loc aloney and globally. This essay will include the elaboration on emerging technologies that are existence utilise with the purpose of meeting the global and topical anesthetic requirements and ongoing reforms on fosterage such as Gonski for emend schools, Melbourne declaration t hat acknowledges major changes in the world that are placing new demands on Australian genteelness and globalization. tidy sum approximately the world are taking their education out of school into homes, libraries, internet cafes and workplaces, where they burn purpose what they want to learn, when they want to learn and how they want to learn. (Colin, Allan et.al, 2009, p3).This new learning model affairs technologies to enable people of all ages to pursue learning on their own terms. Traditional class room based, single teachers as instructor model of education has now been replaced by emerging technologies that are being developed constantly in todays fast moving digital world. It is an innovative engineering that is reshaping the nature of education. Computer and internet based technologies now hold great potential for increasing the access to info as come up as a means of promote learning.(schoolcomputing.wikia.com/wiki/Emerging_Technologies). It redefines the way edu cators teach and the role of sole source of information to being a guide, facilitator and coach in the learning process. The major emerging technologies for primary education can be interactive whiteboard, I pads and cloud computing. Interactive whiteboard is designed to facilitate students learn variety of ship canal and for teachers to teach in a range of ways with the ability of using online resources and fun presentation.It is an emerging technology in Australia but globally like UK it has been found to be successful and effective in teaching primary students (Torff Toritta, 2010). Now what is the rationale for using interactive whiteboard in primary classroom? It enlarges motivation and public presentation of student as teacherscan integrate flexibly a variety of pedagogical approaches and the power to efficiently deliver multimedia or multimodal presentation with a touch sensitive screen.It can also increase the student and teacher interaction and can make the teachers te aching process smoother and effective. An interesting fixings of interactive whiteboard is it allots students from different classroom around country and globally to interact through programs such as Skype or YouTube. This allows for an expansive online classroom, broadening the students own community of practice. A nonher form of emerging technology is the use of Ipad in the classroom, which is a creative, hands-on device which allows students through educational applications, eBooks and iTunes to engage with content interactively and instantly carry information moving away from the industrial era model where the classroom is the central learning place. wherefore do teachers might use Ipad in primary classroom? There are number of reasons why Ipad can be very beneficial emerging technology but one of the most reclaimable features is its sharing information, receiving updates and conducting research hence helpful in communicating and collaborating with the world outside the clas sroom. Ipad can be very useful tool to interact with others around the world so it connects and create extended learning. final emerging new technology for 21st century learner is cloud computing.It refers to as the future of education and storing and accessing of applications and computer data often through web browser rather than running installed software on personal computer. (www.cloudcomputingdefined.com). It is an interactive tool where student and teacher can instantaneously collaborate both in and out of the classroom and learn in real time with instant feedback. Cloud computing provides enhancer for teachers and their student collectively they are able to communicate with each other.What is the rational for cloud computing being a useful emerging technology for 21st century learner? One of the reasons it can be useful is its versatility as it can be accessed from home or school therefore great for cooperative assessments or group based projects. This new technology will encourage students to develop and maintain ICT skills (http//cloud-computing3100.wikispaces.com/rationale+for+cloud+computing). The driving force behind educational reform comes from new technologies that greatly enhance educational opportunities.These new emerging technologiesallow the improved pedagogy that will revolutionize learning. ( Molebash, 1999). In 21st century, omnipresent availability of ICT had significant implications on education. A significant reform is needed in education, world-wide, to respond to hammer global trends. Systematic education reform is needed that include computer programme like guinea pig education agreement, pedagogy, teacher training and school organization like GONSKI reform. (Mcgaw, 2009, p1).Earlier this year, Skidmore and Carmicheal mentioned in The Telegraph UK that reform is not only necessary, it is essential if we are to ensure that pupils are equipped with the knowledge and skills for the twenty first century.(Skidmore and Carmicheal , 2013). world able to do my practical placement at Garfield Barwick School managed by Royal Institute of desensitize and Blind Children (RIDBC), I realized that there is a huge requirement of special education teachers not only in Australia but globally.In England, an education reform is passed where parents are given control over their childrens special education needs (SEN) budgets, allowing them to choose expert support rather than local governance being the sole provider. (Quinn and Malik, 2012). This is described as being the biggest reform of SEN for 30 years. However, while this reform notch hope, it create anxiety among parents too, as it divides children into devil groups School Action and School Action plus. Lorraine Peterson, chief administrator officer of the Nation Association of SEN, fears teachers could be left with endless lists of pupils and too little expertise as to how to deal with them (Shepherd, 2012).Furthermore ,there is also a concern in relate to th is reform that what impact it will have of forward programning and co-ordination of putting budgets in the hands of many individuals and families, keeping in headland that not all parents are best advocates of their childrens needs hence will not be able to provide the best expert assistance for their children. (Shepherd, 2012). This is one of the drawbacks of SEN reform in England. In proportion to that, Australian government has deferred this reform since 2009 in order to allow more time for further consultation.(Special education reform put on hold ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), 2009). An article by Philip call for and Fiona Forbes in 2012 mentioned that Australia is appeared to slow down in some areas of special education and appearing to adopt hold and see approach. (Garner and Forbes, 2012, P 62).Currently Australia is investing $550 million in Improving Teacher Quality NationalPartnership, in this reform agenda, priority and highest status should be giv en to inclusive environment to ensure that schools are given best possible teachers to be inclusive for the special need education. (Garner and Forbes, 2012, P 65). Special education need reform is not particularly focused locally but globally like UK it is get implemented. The mall principal behind this reform is proper funding to school and teacher training to allow every child to receive world class education and Australia is endeavoring to establish a reform around SEN.Gonski reform can correlate to SEN reform as it focuses on the funding of schools to support their student and help teachers to receive additional training and support, from pre-service teachers to principals. Under Better School Plans commencement in 2014, it is a plan to improve results of all schools and students by introducing education reforms that evidently improves results. This plan is based on five core areas 1.Quality teaching2.Quality learning3.Empowered school leadership4.Meeting student need5.Greate r transparency and accountabilityThis plan aims to film Australian schools into top five by 2025 (What is the Better Schools Plan?, n.d. ). Therefore why do we need this plan? This plan is mandatory to meet the international standard as it has been revealed that even though Australian schools are good, our performance is declining and a greater gap has developed between highest and lowest performing students.The fresh review of funding of schooling stumbled on current school funding do not meet the requirements necessary to meet the educational needs of all students (What is the Better Schools Plan?, n.d. ). In my point of view, Melbourne result on education goals for Young Australians can articulate better school plans core reforms by overarching two goals for schooling in Australia where one goal promote equity and excellence in schools and secondly qualification creative individuals and active and informed citizen. Under this declaration, local education goals can collaborat e with global education goals.The Melbourne Declaration supports National Education Agreement which articulates the commitment of Australian government to ensure that all Australian school students acquire theknowledge and skills to participate effectively in society and employment in a globalised economy. (Educational goals ACARA, 2009). This National Education Agreement (NEA) has been made between the Commonwealth of Australia and all State and territories.The key heading of this agreement is to enable Australian students to compete with world and participate effectively. Under this agreement, the state wise curriculum is abandoned and standardized curriculum is introduced which is called national curriculum. It is ongoing reform and changes to curriculum is commencing from next year scratch line from English then moving into Mathematics and Science. Consequently, all of these reforms are in cooperating emerging possibilities to meet the local and global requirement.(National E ducation Agreement, 2012). To meet the pace and acceleration of 21st century, these emerging technologies need to be embraced and in doing so reforms need to be constructed, this way we will achieve success both locally and globally. In conclusion, education is transformed by emerging possibilities and in this technology rich environment, one must find that educational focus is on learning and instructional goal instead of technology itself, because technologies are exactly tools or vehicles to deliver instruction and are just driving force for education reform.These emerging technologies gear the local education scale to global and hence promote to develop reform around these new emerging possibilities so we can meet the global standard. Thus, for successful 21st century learner, emerging possibilities and ongoing reforms are necessary and need to be embraced both locally and globally.ReferencesCloud Computing Defined. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2013, from http//www.cloudcompu tingdefined.com Educational goals ACARA. (2009). Retrieved from ACARA website http//www.acara.edu.au/ report/national_report_on_schooling_2009/national_policy_context/educational_goals.html Educational goals ACARA. (n.d.). Retrieved October 3, 2013, from http//www.acara.edu.au/reporting/national_report_on_schooling_2009/national_policy_context/educational_goals.html Garner, P., Forbes, F. (2012). Disposable assets. Are special education teachers still needed in 21st

Characters of Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff and Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks Essay Example for Free

Characters of Journeys finish up by R.C. Sherriff and margin call by Sebastian Faulks EssayThe First World War is hold push throughn to be cardinal of the worst, if not the worst state of fight in military history. The strategies workd were often ineffective and repetitive, meaning a lack of move manpowert and years of stalemate on the western front. Soldiers had to live in conditions which were squalid and foul, they had to place aim with diseases such as impinge foot and millions of rats and lice infestations. These general images of soldiers living in these fetid conditions has become wide known and linked with the huge suffering ca employ by the First World War. The use of literature foot en qualified us to pip a picture of what trench contendfargon was really analogous. Journeys demolition a play written by R.C. Sherriff in 1928 based on his own life experiences gives a graphic image of life as a soldier in the trenches.However, the novel Birdsong by Sebast ian Faulks which was not written till 2005 gives a version of what Faulks believed trench contendfare to be like it is a fictive idea based on knowledge and understanding of World War One. Also the authors chose different formats with wholeness being a novel the other a play, thus large-minded them contrasting ways of transportation soldiers experiences of war. A play deals with the actions and reactions of characters using dialogue and yet a novel peck go into the heads of characters, giving the reader an understanding of a persons emotions and feelings by description and narrative.The characters presented in both Journeys oddment and Birdsong are attempting to avoid and deal with the horrors of trench warfare in legion(predicate) different ways including drinking, violence, and memories of loved ones and trying to use humour as a way of distancing themselves from the horrors facing them. Each character has to find t here(predicate) own way of dealings with the role, a s anyone would when faced with the constant fear of death.In both Journeys End and Birdsong we cash in ones chips a glimpse of what the characters Stanhope and Wraysford were like before the terror of war affected them. In Journeys End although we dont see Stanhope before the war Sherriff cleverly uses capital of North Carolina to give us an idea of what he was like when he was younger. We see Raleigh as this optimistic, patriotic man excited at the anticipation of going into war alongside his childhood hero. His confession to Osborne that he was Keen to get out here is a representation of many patriotic soldiers at the break out of the first world war and could show us how Stanhope may have felt before the realisation of what warfare was really like.The suppuration sense of conflict between Stanhope and Raleigh only when shows how much the war has changed Stanhope, and affected him. Not plainly do we see Raleigh as a young version of Stanhope upright also we study from him compass information on Stanhopes life, he was skipper of Rugger at Barford, and kept wicket for the eleven. A jolly good bat, too. This is not needed in Birdsong as we gain a background on what Wraysford was like before the war in part one of the novel.Novels allow writers to add descriptive back stories through narrative preferably than dialogue, we atomic number 50 learn closely one persons perspective inappropriate in a play when we are unable to hear feelings and feelings these can only be verbalised through actors portraying the role. Birdsong can go into depth astir(predicate) the emotional effect war can have on a person, which is a tricky detail to encapsulate in a play and yet I believe R.C. Sherriff uses dialogue and the actions of each individual to show their emotional state. We can see knockoutly in both, serious what the war can do, seeing and living in those conditions sure as shooting would bring about change in a person however it is the way they deal w ith it that helps them continue on through.An easy draw for many soldiers during the war was drink. For an ordinary private on the front stage business getting alcohol was hard and they were only allowed a small drop before going oer the top, however officers were allowed to drink (as believed responsible enough for it) and alcoholism among officers was common. Both Stanhope in Journeys End and Wraysford and Weir in Birdsong use drink as a method of getting through the horrors in front of them, She doesnt know that if I went up those steps into the front commercial enterprise without being doped with whisky Id go raw with fright.Drink was a way to forget, and maybe for a moment be away from the front line in their heads, although eventually become addicted not needing it for any purpose save for wanting, cast his eye round hopefully. Stephen reluctantly pushed a bottle towards him. Drink was not the best way to deal with the situation though, it may have clouded their memori es but would not have completed erase them if sleep came it was as a gift and was as likely to come after tea as after alcohol.Soldiers on the front line could turn on each other, either because of alcohol consumption or just the fact that these men were pushed together in such bad conditions. peradventure getting angry at one another would give them something other than fighting the enemy to focus on Hibbert rags his stick and strikes blindly at Stanhope. The violence shown in Journeys End could also represent the battles taking place outside, as an auditory sense member you never get to see any conflict between the enemy and therefore Stanhopes arguments and fights with the soldiers substitutes this. The fretfulness Stanhope feels towards Hibbert and also Raleigh, could also show us how he feels and acts in battle situations.Unlike Journeys End in Birdsong we are able to follow Stephen as he goes out into No-mans land, fighting for his life but we also get violence in the tren ches too Fuck off, Weir, fuck off out of my way. The use of the word fuck is a powerful one we can understand Wraysfords fear just through that one word, all his fear for the battle ahead builds up the tension. In Journeys End Stanhope is worried about what Raleigh would write home in his letter, I believe that maybe another matter that Stanhope uses to direct his thoughts away from memories, it gives him something else to think about. Which again leads to more violence Dyou understand an order? Give me that letter disdain these small areas of conflict there is a strong theme in both Journeys End and Birdsong, of comradeship. workforce on the front line were often forced into forming new relationships with people and often because of this gained extraordinarily strong bonds with men they were fighting alongside with. This is shown by the example of Stanhope and Osborne, and shown to the audience in many scenes but more often than not through the touching goodbye scene before the fatal raid and right at the give the axe Stanhope and Raleigh final bond over his death, Stanhope sits with one hand on Raleighs arm they had fought together in the same battles and known what the other men had seen, they understood.In Birdsong the strong relationship between Wraysford and Weir grew throughout the novel and like many soldiers on the frontline Wraysford needed Weir for company and to help his sanity, Weir alone had made the war bearable friendships like Weirs and Wraysfords meant that soldiers could get through the war together. They did not need to be alone. Although Raleigh in Journeys End believed he needed to distance himself when Osborne dies, Raleigh who is first seen as this innocent character in the beginning of the play is opened to this horror after the death of Osborne, he now knows actually just how hard . He eats away from the officers with the other men, he finds it disrespectful that the others are eating and drinking. Maybe some may believe distanc ing themselves would mean when or if it came to them dying it would not be as hard. many another(prenominal) soldiers needed to be friends, to join together because even though loss is hard the sharing of jokes in such a situation as terrible as this one may have helped. In Journeys End many of the characters particularly Trotters main form of escapism is in making jokes about the war and the Germans I expect a nasty old Germanll cop out of it and say, Ock der Kaiser in doing this they are able to cover up their fear and gain light of the situation.In Birdsong the use of comedy is more subtle, the soldiers go down to the pub and watch entertainment and laugh with each other as friends rather than making obvious jokes. Jack performing for the soldiers gave some time for the men to relax and enjoy themselves. If they could laugh at loud enough, they might bring the world back to its senses they might laugh loud enough to raise the dead although raising the dead was not possible, the idea that in laughing and having as good a time as you can they could remember their losses and keep them alive in their thoughts.In Journeys End some of the soldiers liked to talk about home and familiar things like rugby and cricket to take their minds of the horrors of trench warfare. Thinking about home would help them to remember how their life was before the war it would make them want to get out and gave them something to live for. Another thing they might think about is their girlfriends, wives or just women in general, I just prayed to come through the war and and do things and keep perfectly fit for her.Jack Firebrace precious to survive for his family, dealt with the struggle with the tenet he had his wife and child to decease to His endurance was for them the care he took to try to stay alive was so that he would see the boy again. As for Stephen he did not have a family or anyone really he wanted to go home for, he kept on fighting and wanting to survive for the men who had died before, he wanted to win, to continue for their benefit. The idea and hope that the men he had lost had not died in vain.With trench conditions as foul as they were rats, lice and illnesses such as trench foot one thing that could keep the men going was the idea and the relief of getting food. The importance of food in Journeys End is shown by how many times the men talk about it and bring it up in general conversation. Complaining about inconsequential things like chunks of pineapple instead of apricots take their minds of the war I say, Stanhope, its a terrible business. We thought wed got a tin of pineapple chunks it turns out to be apricots. The men on the front lines wouldnt rattling often have the nicest of food, and when Stanhope has to visit the Colonel and is given really expensive foods he immediately thinks of his men but he will eat the food as it is the one thing that he can gain pleasure from A thin stew followed, then ripe cheese and fresh bread. Lu nch went on past three oclockStephen smiled to himself, aware that his brief flight from reality would soon be ended.Birdsong touches on the idea of religion and how this can be affected by war. more soldiers lost their faith referable to the mass slaughter or even the loss of a son at home like Jack Firebrace however Stephen seemed to gain a belief in God, the idea that nothing this cruel can be the end. He hoped that when Weir or any other Soldier died they had a better world to escape to and maybe this idea kept him going helped him deal with the death of his friends.Journeys End doesnt really touch on the mens faith or religion, however the idea of hero worshipping used by Raleigh could be linked. The belief in a God and a higher being could also be like Raleigh looking at up to Stanhope I believe Raleigh will go on liking you and looking up to you through everything. Theres something very deep, and rather fine, about hero worship. Many soldiers may have used the method of positive thinking like Osborne to cover up just how scared and fearful they were I never knew the sun could rise in so many ways till I came out here.Each soldier on the front line had to choose their own way of escaping and dealing with the horrors of trench warfare. The putrid living conditions and the everyday horror of death meant that it was necessary for them to break out of the truth they were living. Many of the methods used in both Journeys End and Birdsong are similar but their methods were carried out in different ways. Others didnt use methods at all, they just didnt cope like Hibbert in Journeys End faking an illness to get away. Each character in either Journeys End or Birdsong took on different methods of dealing with their long hardships and suffering.The true horrors of the war however could not be forgotten, the sight of death and the stench in the trenches would not be quickly removed from their thoughts. These literary texts both play and book give us, today, jus t a brief insight into the lives of men on the western front, the challenges faced by these men were truly horrific and just surviving must have been a hardship. No one now or then on the home front could ever know the true extent of the struggle and the effects it had both mentally and physically, If they could see the way these men live they would not believe their eyes. This is not a war this is an exploration of how far men can be degraded.

Gertrudes as Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Gertrudes as Shakespeare EssayWhere a twenty-first century audience would express sympathy for critical points want and would understand his hesitation in taking payback, an Elizabethan audience would not sympathise towards him for avenging his fathers death, and would question wherefore Hamlet is showing inaction. As Dori Ripley suggests, The church advocated Gods vengeance, while the state demanded justice through Gods chosen representative(s) (Ripley, 1), implication it would be Hamlets duty to avenge his fathers death in the eyes of the Elizabethan Church, for Gods ca office. Therefore, this would certainly contribute to Hamlets turmoil, with the added contract to exact Gods vengeance on the wicked (Ripley, 2), and become King of Denmark. However, in the eighteenth century, Thomas Hanmer draw attention to Hamlets delay in avenging his fathers death, suggesting that Had Hamlet gone naturally to work there would have been an obliterate of our play, meaning Shakespeares play would not have been as dramatic for his int destinationed audience of his era.Ernest Jones suggests that Hamlet refrains from cleanup Claudius earlier in the play because he had already committed the deed Hamlet himself subconsciously wished to view as out The long repressed desire to take his fathers place in his mothers affection is happen uponed in unconscious activity by the sight of someone usurping this place exactly as he himself had once longed to do (Jones, 99). This is evident in the play when Hamlet has the opportunity to kill Claudius, however he decides to wait for when he is in thincestuous pleasure of his bed so he is guaranteed to suffer the same pain Hamlets father did when he was in purgatory.Eliminating his competition in the most torturous way suggests Hamlets hatred towards Claudius for marrying his mother. As an extension of this Hamlet is somewhat hostile to his mother throughout the play, shown through the language Shakespeare uses when Hamlet is alon e with her. His anger towards his mothers sex is expressed, thus O shame, where is thy blush? Rebellious hell, If thou canst mutine in a matrons bones, To flaming youth let virtue be as wax (3. 4. 82-4) Hamlet demands to know how young people can be expected to control their passions if mothers cannot control theirs.In the same scene, Hamlet pleads with Gertrude not to stay with Claudius that night and to, leave off tonight, And that shall lend a kind of easiness To the next abstinence (3. 4. 166-8) After that until she no longer wishes to sleep with Claudius. Whether this is right must be considered in psychoanalytic term because abstinence stores up emotions that leads to a later emotional explosion. In the context of the play as a whole, this is symbolic because throughout Hamlet stores up his muddiness, anxiety and turmoil until he explodes in the final scene, ending in death and destruction of the dynasty. youthful develop ments in Hamlet criticism suggest Hamlets attitud e towards his mother can be explained in terms of Freudian psychoanalysis, in particular the Oedipus Complex where unconscious ideas and feelings centre round the wish to possess the grow of the opposite sex, and eliminate that of the same sex (Rycroft, 118), according to Charles Rycroft in A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Although this is a modern theory which did not exist during the Shakespearean period, Shakespeare unconsciously reflects this possible interpretation of character in the play.Hamlet seeking to avenge his father by eliminating Claudius, his mothers husband, could be one of his motivations and subsequent causes of his emotional turmoil. His confusion is, therefore, redirected onto Ophelia who experiences Hamlets anguish. Rycroft also suggests that this is symbolised in Hamlet as persons who are fixated at the oedipal level that are mother-fixated or father-fixated reveal this by choosing sexual partners with obvious resemblances to their parents (Rycroft 11 9).However, Ophelias qualities are not representative of Gertrudes as Shakespeare suggests Gertrude tends to sexually dominate men in the play whereas Ophelia is obedient to them, suggesting she is vulnerable. Therefore, whether Rycrofts analysis is related to the play must be considered because it does not at present link to Hamlets situation, choosing to have a relationship with Ophelia because she resembles his mother he has sexual desires for. In Gertrude marrying Claudius, Hamlets jealousy is provoked, which in conclusion contributes to his rage when alone with his mother, You are queen, your husbands brothers wife.Here, Shakespeare shows Hamlets confusion within his complex situation, that his mother has become queen by incestuously marrying her husbands brother. Combined with Hamlets oedipal fantasy and his mothers new marriage, therefore, he is bound to show rage and confusion towards his mother and hostility towards her new partner. In conclusion, Hamlet is a character wh ose mind is in turmoil, which is subliminally presented through Shakespeares use of soliloquies.This turmoil could exist due to Hamlets life experiences, whether they were his fathers death or his mothers hasty marriage to his uncle, who murdered his father. These occurrences whitethorn have caused Hamlets confusion between mothers and lovers, his contemplation of suicide and his hostility towards others, resulting in catastrophe at the end of the play. An Elizabethan audience would not sympathise with Hamlets hostility towards other and his delay in taking vengeance and so could argue that his mind is in turmoil, the reason why he is inactive.

Systems Case Study Essay Example for Free

Systems Case Study EssayThe subway communicate can be split into 4 main(prenominal) sub agreements, those being design, manufacturing and maintenance, operation and customers. The design process initially involves designing the desired cartroad network, however erst the entire organization in in operation the design sub system involves the invariable re design of features and parts caused by arising issues as well as updating the system to use noveler technologies. This subsystem contracts many an(prenominal) disciplines of engineering including electrical which designs many of the electrical features including the main power system obligated in poweringof the overall system 1, civil which designs structures such as stations, bridges and tunnels underneath the city 2 and mechanized which is involved in the design of railway vehicles 3. The manufacturing and maintenance subsystem involves the building of everything required for the system to function from manufacturing the retards themselves to constructing the network of rails, tunnels and stations they travel through. This is all continuously maintained to assure it is reliable and fully functioning to surrender for the system to be operated. One key engineering discipline involved in the manufacturing subsystem is manufacturing engineering which with the advocate of many some separate engineering disciplines is able to turn raw materials into new products such as van carts, railway tracks etc 4. The operation process is the subsystem that the customers or users of this system rely heavily upon. The operation of this system involves utilise all the parts of this system in rove to fulfil its function of transporting its users. The operation process involves constant monitoring of the system in order to allow for a schedule as well as maintain safety and assure the system is functioning correctly. This all requires many operators such as merchandise controllers, drivers and conductors. Software Engineering is a very important part of the operation process as it is liable for developing software to track rail carts, display arrival times and operate automated train supervision 5.The final subsystem of this system is the customers or the users. This system includes all the users of the rail system and as the main purpose this system is to provide customers with transportation this subsystem like every other relies heavily upon all the other subsystems in order to allow the rail system to function.The main subsystems or the systems key elements interact potently with each other and rely heavily upon each other in order for the system to function. The unanimous purpose of the rail transportation system is to create a more efficient, convenient and more undecomposable way for people to travel to and from a desired location. A high level of intelligent talk and interactions between the subsystems allows the system to meet its desired outcomes. As transportation is the users need there is a unfaltering interaction between the customers and the operation subsystems. In order to meet customers unavoidably the operation of this system needs to be working efficiently, this requires all the parts involved in this subsystem to be take onning proficiently as any dilemmas within this subsystem can impact the customers causing problems such as delays and accidents which can lead to many complications with the system as a whole 6.In order to meet customers needs there is a strong interaction between the operation and the manufacturing and maintainance subsystems. In order to operate the system there initially needs to be parts that have been manufactured such as tracks, stations and trains. However once the system is running constant maintenance on parts as well as the manufacturing of new parts are needed in order to allow to allow for the operation of the system to run efficiently 4. Problems in the manufacturing and mainanace system can furthur le ad to operation issues that can have a desolate impact on the customers. To assure that apropriate parts are made the manufacturing and maintainance subsystem relies on the design subsystem. This subsystem is extremely important in assuring that features of the system are designedapropriatly eliminating any potential risks during the manufacturing and operating stages 7.Finally the customer subsystem has strong interaction between all the other main susbystems. Actions and the behaviours of the customers infuluences and changes the ways all the subsystems interact. More users require more operation which leads to the need of more manufacturing, maintainence and design. Less users can potentially reverse this effect. In order to create a sustainable system the key elements need to rely heavily upon each other 8.

Communication Shc Essay Example for Free

parley Shc EssayP bents and other adults who come into the school be more deally to ruin beneficial ache if conference is strong and effective this, in turn, benefit pupils. Communication takes many different forms, from talk to earn and memos for a child care playacters is very important to develop good confabulation skills so they mickle announce effectively. why PEOPLE COMMUNICATE? There are many reasons why multitude communicate such as * To give and receive nurture * To give and receive instructions Discuss a situation * Make a point or outline a concern * Express a need * Negotiate * Develop encyclopedism 1. 2 EXPLAIN HOW EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AFFECTS ALL ASPECTS OF YOUR go bad Effective conversation is the key area for developing relationships with others and also covers many different forms of communion. It is a non kick downstairsizan process. The mortal communicating has to send the in effect(p) message, but also needs to make sure that it is macrocosm correctly genuine and understood by the other person or throng.Communication involves talking or verbal communication, and non-talking or non-verbal communication. To communicate effectively you lead need to * Be very go through most what you are laborious to say * Ensure that the person you are talking to assures what you are saying to them * showing respect and considering the other childs or adults point of judgment * flip a rapport with the child or adult you are communicating with * Taking conviction to listen to others * Being clear on key points Maintaining a sense of humour (laughter merchant ship be a good icebreaker and is also a great way of relaxing and relieving stress) * Find opportunities to speak ( well-nigh children inadequacy self-assurance and need to be given a chance to warm-up first so that they odour able to do so) * Give eye contact and restlessly listen (if you look away or are busy doing something else, this gives the recipient the message that you are not really interested in what they are saying) * Use body lecture and facial expressions, and be preliminaryable(for mannikin, with very young children, get down to their level) * fight and comment on what they are saying (you whitethorn need to repeat back to pupils to check on your agreement * Be interested, responding and questioning to maintain conversation so that they butt end build up an understanding or so how it kit and caboodle * The age of the child or young person ( children of different ages exit look at varying levels of attention) The benefits of good communication are * Your relationship with the children * Your relationship with colleagues * Your relationship with parents 1. 3 EXPLAIN WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO OBSERVE AN INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS WHEN YOU ARE COMMUNICATING WITH THEM?When communicating with children or adults it is important to take level individuals feelings and what they want to say. You weed do this by carefully dete ct a variety of reactions such as * Facial expressions and eye contact * Body lyric posture and actions or gestures which military service to convey beggarlying * Tone of voice this can alter the meaning of what has been said * Pauses * Turn taking * Take distinguish of culture and context, such as where incline is an additional language * Build a rapport by showing understanding, respect and honesty It is thought that more than 70% of messages are conveyed through non-verbal ways. NON-VERBAL REACTIONS Facial expressions They can be a way to find out how someone feels.Some facial expressions pay off the aforesaid(prenominal) meaning all over the world, but some cultures inhibit the expression of certain emotions, such as anger or disgust. EYE CONTACT muckles eyes can express a wide range of emotions. People whitethorn have intense eye contact because they are trying to understand you. However, some cultures or people may avoid eye contact when they do not understand or agr ee with you, want to avoid showing their feelings or fear negative feedback. centre contact has five important functions in communications 1. It regulates the flow of conversation 2. It controls intimacy in a relationship 3. It gives feedback 4. It express emotion 5. It informs both speaker and listener BODY LANGUAGE Your body language can often indicate your attitudes and emotions. If the person you are communicating with has coat of arms crossed over their chest, this may indicate anger or tension ( turn upd position = communication barrier) * If they lean forward with separated arms and legs, this communicates warmth and friendliness (open communication) * Indifference to your communication may be expressed through shoulders shugs, raised arms, and outstretched pecks * Clenched fists and hunching may convey anger * Slouched shoulders may convey a lack of confidence * A posture with the shoulders back in a relaxed position makes it more likely that others will view you as self- confident GESTURES It is important to unwrap to observe and understand as much as you can active gestures of the adults and children you are communicating with. * People often use gestures such as head and hand movements to pause or conceal feelings.They can use them to add emphasis, to illustrate points, and to manage turn-taking * A gesture may encourage others to continue talking. Some of these gestures may be utilise as vocalization of a signed language such as Makaton or as an aid to verbal communication in a noisy environment, such a the floor of a busy factory. TOUCH It is one of our most basic forms of communication and it is associated with comfort. It is also a non-verbal communication. The amount of everyday touch which we will allow people to have with us is also culturally determined. VOICE TONE Paralanguage is the way in which language is spoken. By altering our tone of voice or changing its pitch, we can convey different emotions. An voice of paralanguage is whispered speech.Paralanguage features accept the tone of voice (such as flat or bright), the yard (fast or slow), and the way in which we emphasise certain words. 2. 2 DEMONSTRATE COMMUNICATION METHODS Effective communication happens when the right method is used to send a message so it can be received and understood. Early years practitioners need to know round a range of communication methods. They should also be skilled at identifying the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of children and adults in the setting. Children and young peoples care settings are used by people from a diverse range of backgrounds who will want to communicate in different ways. Finding out about each individuals language needs, wishes and preferences is an important part of your role.You can do this by * asking parents whether their children have particular language or communication needs * reading reports and notes that provide information on a childs * speech and language devel opment, learning difficulties, disabilities (such as hearing or visual impairment) or physical conditions that affect communication abilities (for ex angstrom unitle, cleft palate) * organism aware that an adult or childs culture, ethnicity and nationality may affect their language preferences and needs * observing the children and adults who use your setting to operate how they use their communication and language skills * asking your supervisor or mentor, elder staff and special(prenominal)ist professionals (such as speech and language therapists and SENCOs) for information, advice and hold up when communicating with children or adults who have special communication needs.You may need to communicate with adults (parents, work colleagues, visitors or other professionals) who have special communication needs as a result of a hearing or visual impairment, or because English is not their first language. Meeting an individuals needs, wishes and preferences Talking is not the only wa y of communication with adults and children in a setting. There are different ways of communication that may be used during the day, such as * telephone * email * video conferencing * letters * memos * sing language * interpreting 2. 3 HOW AND WHEN TO SEEK ADVICE ABOUT COMMUNICATION There may be situations in which you feel unsure about how you should communicate with a child or adult. Perhaps you will be aware that you are try to communicate effectively with somebody.In situations like these, you should attempt advice and obtain support. You can do this by * talking to your supervisor, mentor or line manager about the difficulty ask for their advice about how to deal withthe enigma * talking to communication or language support specialists (teachers, psychologists or speech and language therapists) who work at or spend time in your work setting. When to look for support * When you are anxious about approaching an individual * When you are not sure how to deal with a situation * When child uses another(prenominal) language * When you want to improve your relationship with an individual * When communication is not effective * When you feel communication is not effective If you want to learn how to communicate in a way such as signing or an individuals home language * If you find out an adult or child has communication needs Where to look for support * Always talk first to the line manager, who may be able to advise you or work with you to look support * Then she/he will advise you where to find support, and will probably be the person to find appropriate support if it is international * If you work in a childrens centre you are likely to have support function to help both children and adults develop their communication skills BE ABLE TO REDUCE BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION Knowing about different barriers to effective communication will enable you to avoid potential difficulties and accommodate your communication approach when this is necessary.Barriers to communicate are things that interfere with a persons cleverness to send, receive or understand a message. These may be physical, organisational, personalised, to do with language and culture or to do with the presentation of information. Attitudinal example Language and culture WAYS TO REDUCE BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Barriers to communication can often be overcome, or at least reduced by making changes to the environment, adapting your approach or by development support services such as SENCO (Special Educational Needs Coordinator). Adapting the environment Environmental changes might include * replacing poor lighting with brighter lighting * reducing background noise or creating some dim areas putting up multilingual posters and displaying signs clearly * fitting electronic devices such as induction draw in systems for hearing-impaired people. Adapting your approach to communication In order to improve communication, early years practitioners can adapt their approa ch by * making sure they can be seen clearly, facing both the light and the person they are talking to * making sure their mouth is visible when speaking * minimising background noise * using eyes, facial expressions and gestures to communicate as necessary and appropriate. Timing Speaking clearly and slowly, and repeating or paraphrase what you say can make communication more effective for some children and adults.The speed or stair of communication may need to be slower if a person has a hearing or visual impairment, a learning disability or is anxious and confused. It is also important to allow time for the person to digest your communication and to respond. This can mean making silences comfortable while the person works out how to reply. Using support services and specialist devices Early years practitioners should understand the language needs and communication preferences of the children and adults with whom they work. If a child or adult has difficulty communicating in Eng lish or has sensory impairments or disabilities that affect their communication skills, specialist communication support may be needed. study a few words of another persons language or developing some basic sign language skills can really help an early years practitioner to give way a positive, supportive relationship with a child and their parents. HOW TO ENSURE THAT COMMUNICATION HAS BEEN UNDERSTOOD There are various ways that you can find out if your communication has been successful. If you can do this, it can help to solve any issues that arise and stop barriers from developing. Active listening Active listening involves paying close attention to what the other person is saying, while also noticing their non-verbal communication. People who are good at active listening also tend to be skilled at using minimal prompts. These are things like nods of the head, Mm sounds and encouraging words like Yes, I see or Go on. effective use of minimal prompts encourages the person you are communicating with to sustenance speaking or to say a little more. Clarifying or repeating You can ensure that your communication has been understood by clarify (repeating back, summarising or rephrasing) aspects of what the person has said during the conversation. You could say something like, Can I just check that you meant ? or, Do you mean ? You should try not to clarify too often in a conversation as this will interrupt the speakers flow it might also make them think you are parroting, which may appear insincere. 3. 4 SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND SUPPORT OR SERVICES FOR MORE EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION over-embellished National Institute for the Deaf (RNID) They give support to people with hearing and sight loss with agencies in different areas. Association of Sign Language Interpreters Qualified in sign language professionals help people who are hard of hearing to communicate. Royal National Institute for the Blind Agencies in different areas give visually impaired people suppor t in communicating. Teaching Development Agency Have courses to support teaching assistants working with children in schools. Common Assessment Framework (CAF) Give practitioners a right to seek support in communicating with parents and children who have specific needs. Department of educationThe government website or your topical anaesthetic authority website gives information about local agencies that will help to communicate with families from a variety of cultures and religions. BIBLIOGRAPHY Children amp Young Peoples workforce by Heinemann Pages 2-20 www. collinseducation. com/resources/hsclevel2chapter1. pdf Pages 1-15 PRESENTED BY MONICA BELALCAZAR INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION UNIT SHC 1. 2 CYPW L2 KNOWLEDGE TASK PART TWO 4. 1 WHAT IS occultITY Confidentiality is not about keeping secrets it is about defend an individuals right to privacy. You may obtain private, personal information from children or parents as part of your work role.As an early years practitioner you hav e a duty to * keep personal information about children and families private * only share information about children and families with those who have a right to know or when a parent has given permission. Your workplace will have a confidentiality form _or_ system of government that sets out the rules and procedures on sharing confidential information. You should read this and make sure that you follow it in your practice. You may be asked to sign a confidentiality agreement as part of your employment contract. Again, you should have a clear understanding of what this means in practice. Cross reference with TDA 2. 2 assessment criteria 3. 5 4. 3 SITUATIONS WHERE CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION MIGHT NEED TO BE PASSED ON There may be times when you have to reveal what you have been told, or have seen, to a more senior person at work or to an external organisation.A parent, child or colleagues request that you maintain confidentiality can be overridden if * what they say suggests that a chil d may be at risk of harm * they reveal information that can be used to protect another person from harm * a court of law or a statutory organisation, such as OFSTED, asks for specific information about a child. * If a child needs additional support from other professionals * If a child is suspected to be in a situation that risks their safety * If an adult has disclosed information that may raise concerns over their ability to carry out daily duties in your setting * If an outside body such as Ofsted requests to see an adults or childs records When should you seek advice about confidentiality It is best to treat everything you learn about children and their families in your workplace as confidential information it is advisable to check with your supervisor earlier you pass on confidential information.Similarly, it is always best to tell your supervisor if you receive any information that concerns you. If someone wants to tell you something in confidence, you should say that you ma y not be able to keep the information to yourself because part of your job involves safeguarding childrens welfare. It is then up to the person to decide whether to tell you or not. Always do this in an area where nobody else can overhear what you are saying. It is better to seek advice verbally rather than using communication such as email, which other adults could access. BIBLIOGRAPHY Children amp Young Peoples workforce by Heinemann Pages 2-20 www. collinseducation. com/resources/hsclevel2chapter1. pdf Pages 28-29

Developmental Psychology and Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

wearmental Psychology and previous(predicate) puerility preparation EssayIntroduction The first six old age of life are hypercritical years of human life since the rate of growth in these years is much rapid than at any other stage of training. Global brain research also informs us about the entailment of early years for brain information. Early youngsterishness Care and knowledge (ECCE) makes a positive ploughshare to infantrens long landmark education and exploitation by facilitating an enabling and excite milieu in these foundation stages of lifelong get winding.Parents as caregivers are critical in providing a stimulating instruction surroundings to the kid and the first two and a half to three years need not be in a formal eruditeness surround. The field political platform example accognitions the signifi pukece of involvement of fires, family and community. The political program at the early clawhood stage helps to ensure opportunities for holistic schooling and growth.The ECCE program needs to be determined by fryrens maturemental and contextual needs, providing for more need based inputs and an enabling environment. precondition this need for an item-by-itemised approach, it was believed that a common program would not be sequester for completely in all. However, over the years it has been observed that the practical realities are different and most of the ECCE programmes on offer currently do not have bewildermentally appropriate programmes for the clothization barbarian.The vacuum produced by a lack of platform good example has resulted in its existence filled with either a minimalist programme or the downward appurtenance of the primary stage political program. To ensure optimal fuck offment for all children, there is a need to create a plan syllabus framework, encompassing capturementally appropriate knowledge and skills, with flexibility for contextualization. A program framework is als o required to ensure that important discip distribution channel areas are covered, taking care of all the developmental needs of the young child.It also facilitates adoption of a common pedagogical approach to hold for a certain level of quality and address the widespread regeneration in the ECCE programmes available for the young children in India. This course of instruction mannikin is in line with the Governments vision of ECCE as recite out in the National Early puerility Care Education Policy and is a unspecific framework of basic guidelines for curricular goals, programme content, classroom practices, parent guidance 4 Early shaverhood Education plan Framework 2012and teacher preparation across different provisions and across all regions.The purpose of this cave in framework is to promote quality and excellence in early childhood learning by providing guidelines for practices that would promote optimum learning and development of all young children and set out the wide of the mark arrangement of approaches and exists rather than detailed defining of the content. A cautious approach is existence adopted to not bequeath a detailed curriculum/syllabus which would be prescriptive and delivered to the young children in a straight jacketed manner.The Curriculum Framework calls attention to the common principles and developmental tasks, at the same time, respecting the diversity in the child rearing practices and contextual ECCE needs. each programme is expected to develop its own curriculum to meet the needs of its children, their families, the specific setting, the linguistic culture and the local community. However, the programmes should be based on the curriculum principles and guidelines laid down in this framework.This Framework is a dynamic document and would be continually reviewed and evolved in the light of emerging needs. Also, with the adoption of the framework, case studies of emerging best practices will follow and learnings from t hem would further beef up the framework. This Framework is firmly focussed on the needs of the child and should lead to improved quality of learning and increased attainment of learning outcomes for children participating in ECCE programmes.The other components for the holistic ECCE programme such as nutrition, health and care are to be ensured by cross reference from related instruments. Objectives of Early puerility Education The condition of Early childishness Care and Education is to facilitate optimum development of the childs full potential and lay the foundation for all round development and lifelong learning. This aim is to be achieved with enabling the child to ? Develop a positive self-concept. ? Establish a tidy foundation for a good physique, adequate muscular coordination and basic motor skills.5 Early childishness Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? Imbibe good health uses and basic life skills/ self-help skills necessary for face-to-face affectionate adju stment. ? Enhance verbal and non- verbal communication skills which would facilitate case of thoughts and feelings in fluent, correct, clear speech. ? Develop the five experiences and cognitive skills and concepts which are foundation for higher order thinking and reasoning. ? Develop emotional bigheartedhood by guiding the child to express, understand, accept and control feelings and emotions.? Imbibe values, social attitudes and manners important in his/her socio cultural context and to become sensitive to rights and privileges of others. ? Develop independence, aesthetic appreciation and creativity by providing child with sufficient opportunities for self-expression and active exploration, investigation and essayation. ? Make a smooth transition from pre groom to primary finished development of emergent literacy and school readiness. Principles of Early Learning Learning begins from birth From infancy children are mentally and physiologically active.They learn by dint of all their senses and stimulations. Children trace knowledge They construct their own knowledge or works models while they actively engross in their environment and through repeated fundamental interactions with people and materials. This simply mover that children touch, taste, shake things and so forth to find out what happens and learn about things in their environment. Childrens curiosity and desire to learn Children are curious and eager to learn. They have an inherent need to make sense of their amazes and learn about the world nigh them.Children learn through pass piddle is central to the childs well-being and development Childrens spontaneous summercater provides opportunities for exploration, experimentation, manipulation and paradox solving that are indwelling for constructing knowledge. swordplay contributes to the development of representational thought. 6 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Child development and learning are characterized by i ndividual variation No two children are same. Each child has an individual pattern and timing of growth and development as well as individual styles of learning.Childrens personal, family experiences and cultural backgrounds also vary. Childrens learning reflects a recurring voluted that begins in consciousness, and moves to exploration, to inquiry, and finally, to application. some(prenominal) new learning by children begins with awareness, which is generated from their experiences with objects, events, or people and ends with utilization, where children are able to use what they have learnt for dual purposes and apply their learning to new situations.At this stage children start exploring the next level of information and the spiral continues. Children need to experience success more than failure to form a positive self-concept The experiences should be plotted in accordance with the maturational level of the children, such that they are challenging yet achievable, so as to pr omote self-confidence. When children have confidence in themselves, they do better. They are eager to try new and harder things they form new skills and become more confident and capable.Children develop holistically and benefit from integrated experiences and education Learning and development of children takes place in totality. All the domains of development i. e. physical, motor, cognitive, language, socio-personal, emotional and creative and aesthetic appreciation are co-ordinated and take place simultaneously. Curriculum Content The curriculum must address the following interrelated domains of holistic development through an integrated and play based approach which focuses on development of life skills.? physiologic and Motor schooling Gross motor skills coordination of beautiful muscles with dexterity eye hand coordination sense of balance, physical co-ordination, and awareness of property and direction nutrition, health status and practices. ? Language exploitation L istening and comprehension oral exam skills/speaking and communicating vocabulary development pre- literacy/emergent literacy skills like phonological awareness print awareness 7 and concepts letter- sound Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 correspondence recognition of garner building words and sentences and early writing.Introduction to language of school achieveion. ? Cognitive Development Development of unlike concepts including pre number and number concepts and operations (knowledge and skills related to comparing, classification, seriation, conservation of s railway yard and quantity, one to one correspondence counting) spatial sense patterns and estimations in measurement data handling skills related to sequential thinking, critical thinking, observing, reasoning and problem solving and knowledge about concepts and physical, social and biological environment.? Socio-Personal and Emotional Development Development of self-concept selfcontrol life skills/ s elf-help skills habit formation initiative and curiosity engagement and persistence cooperation compassion social relationships root word interaction pro- social behavior expressing feelings, accepting others feelings. ? Sensorial Development Development of the five senses through visual, auditory and kinaesthetic experiences. ? Development of Creative and Aesthetic Appreciation Exploring different art forms, develop dispositions, expression and appreciation for artistic, dance/ play and musical activitiesstrong-arm Motor Development Creative and Aesthetic Appreciation Language Development Socio-Personal Development Cognitive Development Emotional Development 8 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ECCE is.. A balanced play based programme of language, cognitive, creative and psychotic personmotor activities A child refer programme catering to individual childrens learning emotional needs through individual, beautiful and cock-a-hoop assort activities and one to one communication. A school readiness programme which readies children for learning to read, write and do arithmetic later.A programme which indirectly promotes self-control and thereby inner sphere in children through interactions. ECCE is not.. A syllabus bound programme for teaching 3Rs nor a song and a rhyme and go seat approach. A teacher centred programme that follows formal classroom approach as in school A program for formally teaching reading, writing and arithmetic, which is to be done in primary. Not a programme which demands unquestioning obedience or model strict classroom discipline (Source Kaul, V. (2010) Early Childhood Education Programme.National Council for Educational Research and Training) The ECCE programme should ensure holistic development of the child and reflect the inseparable nature of care and education by comprehensively addressing the need for care, nutrition, health and well-being of young children and parent counselling on with supporti ng the development of all domains. The holistic development approach is vital for provision of interconnected and interrelated activities covering all domains of development. Suggestive Developmentally distract/Age appropriate Activities for ECCE For Children Under 3 years ?Focus on health, nutrition and early psycho social stimulation through free play and a lot of adult child interaction. Eg. s. , (infant games, conventional songs syllables, access to vicissitude of play materials, individualized adult attention and interaction, opportunities to explore, early introduction to stories, infant books, drawings etc. ) in safe, spacious and clean environment. 9 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 For Children amongst 3 to 4 years ? Planned play based programme for all round development with more of free play. Continuous opportunities, more free but some guided, for adult child, child to childBasic Tenets of Curriculum Development ? Based on needs and capacities of young children ? Recognition of special features of childrens thinking ? Mix of formal and informal interaction ? Familiarity and challenge in everyday rhythm ? Primacy of experience rather than expertise ? Developmentally appropriate practice and flexibility ? Use of local material, arts and knowledge which reflect the diversity and culture of the children. Source Position Paper, National Focus Group on ECCE, 2005 interaction and interaction with play materials and environment through a variety of individual, small free radical and whacking group activities.? Opportunities to listen to stories, learn rhymes, create, indulge in imaginative play, ask questions, do simple problem solving, experiment to promote active and interactive learning and generally have a feel good experience for a positive self-image. For Children between 4 to 6 years Moving towards an increasing ratio of adult guided vs. free play activities, and more of large group activities for 4-5 year old and focuse m ore on specific school readiness for 5-6 year old, with increasing complexity in all of above. ? development Readiness e.g. picture sound matching, shapes, phonetics increasing vocabulary verbal expression, development bond with and take in reading through picture books, storytelling, charts etc. 10 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? Writing Readiness e. g. eye hand coordination, interest in writing, left to right directionality. ? Math developing skills in classification, seriation, pattern making, reasoning, problem solving, forming concepts pre number and number concepts and space concepts and vocabulary, environment concepts.? Motor development fine motor development through activities such as beading, pegboards and puzzles and large muscle development through running, jumping, equilibrise activities etc. ? Creativity and aesthetic appreciation Creative drama, cultural activities, field trips etc. The programme should be relevant to individual and societal needs. The age demarcations are indicative and the activities have to be be after jibe to the developmental level of the children. Principles of Programme Planning ? ? ? The activities should be age and developmentally appropriate.Activities fostering all domains of development should be appropriately planned. The attention span of young children is 15-20 minutes therefore the duration of activities should be 20 minutes, with additional time allotted for winding up and initiation of the next activity. However, the programme should allow space and flexibility for need based variations. ? There should be a balance between structured and amorphous active and quiet outdoor and indoor self-directed and adult initiated learning opportunities and individual, small group and large group activities. ? ? ? ? The experiences should progress from simple to complex.A wide range of individual and group experiences should be planned which are related to the childs environment, are enjoyable an d challenging for children. Routine fosters a sense of security in children. Therefore some routine should be followed in the nonchalant programme. The ECCE programme should never be rigid. 11 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? The duration of the pre-school programmes should be 3 to 4 hours. The programme should provide for some rest period during the day and if it is of longer duration, as a full day programme, then a nap time is to be ensured. ?Learning opportunities should be interconnected, linking learning experiences across developmental domains in a meaningful context, reflecting the real life context of the children. ? The language used should be the mother tongue of the child. Efforts should be made to extend their language sensitively and introduce the school language gradually to facilitate school readiness. ? Curriculum goal and objectives should guide classroom process and judging of the children. The curriculum should be implemented in a manner th at reflects responsiveness to family/ home values, beliefs and experiences.? The programme should provide opportunities for exploration and experiential learning, promoting active engagement with people and objects in the environment. Outcomes of Early Childhood Education Curriculum Children who ? ? ? Communicate effectively Display emergent literacy skills, mathematical skills and scientific temperament Express emotions in socially acceptable manner, are socially adaptive and cooperative ? Have physical control, strength and healthy habits pedagogical Approaches The curriculum adopts a play and activity based approach.Children are visualised as active beings who construct their own knowledge and the process of teaching learning is one of co-construction of knowledge, with adults as facilitators. 12 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Various approaches are practised for transacting the Early Childhood Education programme. slightly comm unless adopted approaches are Montessori Method This method is characterized by an emphasis on independence, freedom inwardly limits, and respect for a childs natural psychological development and is transacted through specialised sensory(a) material.Regio Emillia Based on the work of Loris Mallaguzi, this is a constructivist approach which focuses on creation of a learning environment that enhances and facilitates childrens construction of their own thinking through the combination of communicative, expressive and cognitive languages as they engage actively with people, material and environment. Progressive Method This is an eclectic approach which draws from the major child development theories. Recognizing the legion(predicate) paths of learning, latest researches and contemporary work lay the foundation of this framework.Thematic Approach Integrated themes and projects form the onus content of the curriculum. These themes should enable the children to make meaningful connections among the different conc epts and develop holistic understanding of the world around them. The curriculum should be flexible and responsive to the needs of the children in the class. It is to be constructed to suit the diverse social, cultural, linguistic contexts in the country, and initiate integrated learning.A programme after part adopt any of the above mentioned approaches to transact the curriculum. An integrated daily/ weekly/ monthly programme should be prepared with a well-rounded choice of learning experiences that strengthen all domains of development and are age and developmentally appropriate. The activities for different domains and concepts should be planned purposefully to enable a child to actively engage with and experience the concepts. These will help to consolidate the learning and lay the foundations for future.Caution should be observed to not equate the curriculum to just an exercise of organising activities, rather it should be viewed as a planned and purposeful intervention and a dult child and child to child interaction to facilitate the process of knowing, understanding and construction of knowledge by the children. The aim of the curriculum should be to foster 13 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 development through integrated activities rather than mere completion of worksheets or repetitive exercises and activities.To address the needs of the large group of children in one class and multi-age setting, the strategy would be to conduct the activities in large group, small group and individual level. Essential Play and Learning real In early childhood stage, a child learns through interacting with immediate environment hence environment should be stimulating and should have a variety of materials to arouse and sustain the childs curiosity, interest and promote his learning. ? Adequate supply of developmentally appropriate play materials to foster all round development should be available at the ECCE centre ?The materials should be safe, clean and in good conditions. Sufficient quantity should be available to work in small groups and it should be easily accessible to the child. ? The materials should promote gross and fine motor development and help the child to discover and explore including constructing and reconstructing. It should promote sensory exploration and social interaction along with creative expressions through arts, painting, etc. Some demand play materials are Indoor Material o Blocks for constructive play o Manipulative toys 14Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 o Material for imaginative play /Dramatic play dolls, puppets, masks, kitchen sets, mirrors, old spectacle frames, purses, old shoes, weighting scales, clock etc. o Material to develop Language skills books and picture books, storytelling aid, puppets, story cards, sound board, conversation cards, flash cards, picture dominoes, charm of rhymes and stories, visual discrimination and auditory and visual association materials , slates, chalks, crayons, blackboard, drawing paper, etc.o Material to develop cognitive skills sound boxes, visual discrimination cards, touch cards, feel bag, food items of varying kind to develop sensory skills, number domino cards, picture jigsaw and self-correcting puzzles for matching, sorting, arranging, classifying, problem solving, memory and sequential thinking to develop cognitive skills and materials in the environment o Musical instruments o Art material for creative expression such as paints, crayons, pencil, paint brushes, cotton, threads, clay, knife, papers, scissors, cloth, gum and fevicol, bead, etc.In addition to locally available material, teachers/caregivers can develop play and learning material for specific activities planned in the programme. Outdoor Materials o Play equipment to build balancing, jumping, climbing, swinging, swaying, cycling, etc. o Materials like large or small balls, old tyres, rings, etc. for throwing, catching, kicking, rolling, etc. 1 5 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 o Sand and water play arrangement with sand pit, mugs, spoons, cups, bucket, sieves, strainer, etc.Assessment Assessment is an essential and integral component of any ECCE programme to ensure that the programme remains child centric and the experiences and activities are planned according to the level of the child. It gives an perceptivity into childrens interests, achievements and possible difficulties in their learning from which next steps in learning and teaching can be planned and thereby provides a platform to support the planning of a coherent curriculum for progression in learning.In order to ensure that the programme is responsive to the developmental needs of the child, it is essential to maintain their developmental and learning profile. The purpose of assessment is to give useful information about childrens learning and development to the adults providing the programme as also to children and their families. It also helps ensure early identification of developmental delays, special educational needs and particular abilities. Assessment contributes to evaluation, revision, and development of programmes. The areas of assessment ? ? ?The childs interest and participation Skills and abilities Social interactions The assessment of the children should be formative, unvarying and flow from the experiences planned in the curriculum. Formative continuous assessment implies documenting the development of the child, by interpreting the evidence from the day to day experiences of the child with the purpose of recognising and advance strengths and addresses learning/developmental gaps. Teachers need to evaluate each childs progress on an ongoing basis, through observations of their behaviour their artwork and other products.Home-based observations may also be 16 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 conducted. The current level of performance should be rewarded to rein run small steps of acc omplishments towards the long term goals. Portfolio should be maintained for individual child. It should contain anecdotal records, developmental checklists, samples of drawing, writing and other activities, observation notes and parent teacher meeting notes. Role of Caregiver/Teacher The caregivers/ teachers in an ECCE programme are facilitators who engage children in multiple experiences to foster their all-round development.They play the following roles ? Observe children to identify their needs and capabilities and move with the pace of the childs development ? Plan appropriate, ? ? ? developmentally holistic and challenging activities Focus not only on planning and conducting activities but also on continuous processes for interaction and relating learning to childs environment. Create nurturing and positive relationships with children and among children Organise supportive learning environment by taking care of aspects such as the arrangement of the physical environment and eq uipment the scheduling of activities and events and groupings ?? ? Work in partnership with parents Facilitate learning to meet the objectives of the curriculum Help in early identification and intervention for children with special needs 17 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 To accomplish the above the teachers need to enjoy being with young children, be knowledgeable about childrens development and early childhood curriculum and should be skilled at implementing the curriculum.Role of Parent The young child spends most of the time at home and much of the early learning occurs through the childs day to day interactions with the family. The parents have a major role to play in the childs development, much beyond merely being around the child and providing food and other basic needs. Parents need to ? Provide a conducive environment at home for optimal development and learning and spend quality time with the child ? ? ? ? ?throw out exploration and experimentation at home and optimally utilise the ample opportunities for incidental and lifelong learning arising from the daily activities Play a cooperative role and establish a relationship of trust and unwashed respect with the teacher/caregiver at the ECCE centre Share and plan the development of their child along with the teacher/caregiver Participate in the open days and other events for parents and community Not to force formal learning and competition at this early age and respect childrens abilities and personalities.Supportive Essentials The open framework approach to curriculum adopted herein requires certain preconditions as essentials. These are ? An enabling and stimulating learning environment which has been carefully designed and is child friendly 18 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? ? ? ? ?Contextually and culturally appropriate curriculum content Developmentally appropriate learning and play material Activity rhyme and story bank Childrens Activity Book train ers Manual and Teachers Guidebook addressing adult-child interaction, arrangement of the physical environment and equipment, planning of the daily routine etc.to help teachers implement the curriculum effectively ? ?Supportive supervision Professional development luck for ECCE caregivers 19 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Annexure 1 Some Significant Themes to be covered in the Curriculum Myself, my family and community Food, health, hygiene and cleanliness Natural world and environment plants animals and birds fruits and vegetables Physical environment air, water, universe, seasons Social environment My country festivals and celebrations neighbourhood means of transport 20.Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Annexure 2 Sample Weekly Plan Theme sentient beings age 9. 00-9. 30 9. 30-10. 00 Monday Circle clock Free Conversation (Animal Names) Tuesday Assembly Guided Conversation (Homes of Animals) Sorting Cards (Animals and their young ones) Block Play lunch Tearing and pasting on animal drawings Wednesday Circle Time Free Conversation (Food of Animals) Soft and hard-fought Surface Thursday Assembly Guided Conversation (Animals and their young ones) Shape Circle Friday Circle Time Guided Conversation (Uses of Animals) Pattern Writing.10. 00-10. 30 Seriation Activity (Small to large animal) 10. 30-11. 00 11. 00-11. 30 11. 30-12. 00 Animal Race Lunch Free hand drawing of pet animals Swings and slides Lunch Models of animal homes Walking on Zigzag line Lunch Making Clay Animals Sand Pit Lunch Mask Making 12. 00-12. 30 Animal Rhyme (Pet Animals) Music and try Activity (How animals move) Rhyme Dramatization (Farm Animals) Animal Story (Wild Animals) Song and move (Birds) 12. 30-1. 00 pull up Departure Winding up Departure Winding up Departure Winding up Departure Winding up Departure.Note The time allotted for each activity is 15-20 minutes the time slots of 30 minutes allotted in the plan include setting up, distributi on of material and winding up for each activity. 21 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Annexure 3 Sample Thematic Web Numeracy Sorting pictures of animals and their young ones Creative Art Models of Animal Homes Language Rhymes and stories on Animals Cognitive Animal names Types Pet/ Wild/ Aquatic Animal food, sound , home Animals Physical Motor Animal Race Tearing and Pasting on Animal Drawings.Socio-Emotional Free Conversation Music Movement Song and Dramatization 22 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Important Resources 1. Bhatnagar, R (2005) Little Steps. A Manual for Preschool Teachers. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 2. Kaul, V. (2010) Early Childhood Education Programme. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 3. Mother and Child Protection Card, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. 4. Muralidharan, R. , Asthana, S. (1991) input Activities for Young Ch ildren.National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 5. Position Paper on Early Childhood Care and Education, National Focus Group (2006). National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 6. Soni, R, Kapoor R, Vashishtha, K. K. (2008) Early Childhood Education. An Introduction. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 7. Swaminathan, M. and Daniel, P. (2004) Play Activities for Child Development A Guide to Preschool Teachers. National Book Trust, New Delhi. 8. WHO Child Growth Standards- Methods and Development, World Health Organisation 23.