Events in bars and clubs Essay Example for Free

slips in bars and clubs EssayAnother source of competition is how an howevert may cast to source out its resources through sponsorship this means that the event will be tradeed to potential sponsors that will believe that the event will create a world-shaking leverage to the companys own merchandising initiative. Hence, it is also burning(prenominal) to stress to the potential sponsors the benefits of the event.This is discussed by Mack in which the author pointed out that (25) sponsorship allows organizations to reach their target market with less clutter than other communications methods, exposes the product/service directly to the market, and provides an excellent mechanism for the organization to give back to the community by which it is supported. Event sponsorship, or sponsorship marketing, refers to supporting various types of event ..Whether the type of sponsorship is financial, media, or in-kind support (Cicora 1991), the list of company benefits derived from it can range from publicity, to product sales, image enhancement, or even improved employee morale (Decker 1991). In addition to getting sponsors, companies that are about to hold an event should also take into consideration its capabilities (Silvers). These include the ability to wrap up the demands of the event and the ability to have the resources.It is also important to have the ability to know how to handle different events for instance, a bar that may be retentivity a fundraising concert may be faced with different challenges if organising a battle-of-the-bands. As Silvers pointed, although the core processes of these two events are the same, it should be noted that one of the important elements in events management is the ability to handle the differences in the requirements of different events.All in all, the events management concept can be considered as an important marketing activity in which an establishment or company is able to communicate certain initiatives to the pub lic (Soares). Hence, events serve as an attractor especially if the company utilises democratic channels such as concerts, dance events and exhibits,among others these venues fulfil the curiosity, the wants and needs of the mint which is why events continue to be patronised throughout time. Many enterprises venture into the nightlife field by means of establishing bars and clubs.As Chatterton and Hollands discussed, the demand for these establishments is that these have been a part of the urban landscape there is always the market among the youth, specifically the young professionals, who are in search for the latest cool, chic, fashionable bar or club (3). Because of this, it can be said that there is business in this industry, especially with the continuous influence of the entertainment and leisure sector. The nightlife scene which comprises of establishments such as bars and clubs can be also said to contri bute to the local tourism initiatives (Chatteron Holland).The succes s of any bar or club requires a significant understanding of the business especially in the aspect of strategy. Lawson provides many guidelines in the success of any club or bar including a good understanding on food service operations (which is a fundamental in any bar or club), the facilities, the design, the themes, and last but not the least, the business aspects. Lawson therefore emphasised the business framework of these bars and clubs which are heavy in the marketing practice this is because this is a means for companies to get customers into the establishment.Bars and clubs, therefore, do not just have to excel in the food service operations but also in its ability to add value to its basic concept, and that is, to add event concepts to its entire operations. This is further attested by Smith in which the author mentioned that in order for bars and clubs to succeed, it needs to continuously come up with something interesting hence, in addition to food and drinks and the regu lar dance layer or in-house performer, it is the specific events that make these bars and clubs special.This is therefore a part not only in the marketing aspect of the bar and club but also these events help the customers to identify what else they can do in the establishment, or at least, have something to look forward to (Smith, 75). Brown and Miron also mentioned the role of events in the success of any bar or nughtclub these fall in the aspect of marketing and advertising. When an event takes place, the tendency is that the event is supposed to pull more people into the establishment. Hence, events help in the increase in sales and to make the club and bar more memorable to the consumers.

Two Kinds Essay Example for Free

Two Kinds EssayTwo Kinds is set in modern United States and basically involves ii main characters of Chinese drop Jing-mei and her induce. In the story, Jing-mei, a young Chinese-American portrayed her get as an overbearing and demanding woman who constantly tried to groom her daughter to pursue a manners destined for fame- either as a talented young actress, a genius in geography, or a musical prodigy (Your Faxed Readings, p. 180-182). Jing-mei did not quite an understand at first how her mother could persistently force upon her a future she did not want to give any part of. She struggled against her mothers will, not fully comprehending the reasons why her mother wanted her to be more than what she thought she was.As it was later on revealed in the story, her mothers shipway and beliefs rooted from the tragedies she encountered in her life before she came to America. Jing-meis mother went through terrible times in China. She lost her babies and had to struggle to be a ble to reach the belt down of milk and h wizy. Reaching a new and prosperous land enabled her to start over, and she acquired a renewed sense of hope, along with the belief that in America, you can be all you want to beMy mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. You could open a restaurant. You could work for the government and get good retirement. You could subvert a house with almost no money down. You could become rich. You could become instantly famous.Of course, you can be a prodigy, too, my mother told me when I was nine. (p. 180)The story goes on to expound on the mothers past and her subsequent actions that affected her American-raised daughter. The story shows that after hurdling through obstacles in life, Jing Meis mother probably realized that anything was possible. Hers was a character who believed that if she went through hell in China but still made it to America then anything was possible, especially for a child raised in this land aboundin g in prosperity. Looking at it from this perspective, one could surmise that this explained why, as portrayed in the story, she was overbearing and appeared to bide a lot from her daughter. Her expectations stemmed from what she had acquired from her surviving her misfortunes. As a mother who went through great adversity in life, she could not help but shake up high expectations for a daughter to whom she had afforded countless opportunities by raising her in America. With her daughters resistance to obey, she felt that Jing-mei was not taking full service of the opportunities that were made available to herMy mother slapped me.Who hire you to be genius? she shouted. Only ask you be your best. For you sake. You think I want you to be genius? Hnnh What for Who ask youSo ungrateful, I heard her mutter in Chinese, If she had as much talent as she has temper, shed be famous now. (p. 183)It is evident in these lines that the mother was disappointed with Jing-mei. It seemed to her tha t her daughter was being unappreciative of everything that had been made available for her.On the other hand, the character of Jing-mei was portrayed as a stubborn and willful child. Jing-meis conclusion not to be what her mother wants her to be stems from her resolve not to let her mother change her.And then I saw what seemed to be the prodigy side of me a face I had never seen before. I olfactory modalityed at my reflection, blinking so that I could see more clearly. The girl staring back at me was angry, powerful. She and I were the same. I had new thoughts, willful thoughts or rather, thoughts filled with lots of wonts. I wont let her change me, I promised myself. I wont be what Im not. (p. 181-182)From these lines Jing-meis character is reflected as someone who often stated that she wanted to be who she is and who vehemently refused to be someone she was not. Although later on she recognized that she could have been great if she did try to be, the story further showed that till the end of that part of her childhood, she was determined not to (p. 183).Two Kinds is one of the multitudes of stories from Amy Tans The Joy pile Club. Essentially, it deals with the dynamics of the relationship in the midst of mothers and daughters. It gives a fresh perspective about the complexities of such kinship in the eyes of Chinese immigrants in an American Society. It deals with cultural differences and generation gaps, as well as the issue of establishing identity. This short story can be dissected into several areas of interest, all rich in symbolism. It reflects society in various levels of human interaction.While the plot of the story circles around the struggle between Jing-mei and her mother, a one may derive a deeper conflict, aside from the prima facie squabble between the mother and the daughter, that exists within it, comparable to one that is in society.If one looks closely, the mothers character represents individuals who believe that the past can be bu ried and forgotten once success is achieved. She represents the spate who struggle everyday to overcome the ghosts of the past in order to provide for the future. The mother also stands for the people who are trying to compensate for things left undone or mistakes committed. Though their intentions may be good, there is a point where their zealousness in making up for the past becomes a burden that shackles them to what they are trying to escape.Meanwhile, Jing-meis character represents individuals who are in constant journey to find their identities amidst influential forces. It alludes to people caught between two cultures in two different time zones. Jing Mei also represents the young who, at a trying stage in their life, have to cope with the added debt instrument of bridging the cultural gap between immigrant parents in modern-day America.On the other hand, the dynamics of the relationship between Jing-Mei and her mother represent the perennial and unavoidable conflicts betwe en parents and their children. It speaks of expectations, of disappointment, of pride, of hurt and of differences and of finding ones own identity. It reminds readers how one can never pick his kin and though it may become an uphill battle, what matters is that one learns to accept the family he is given, for who they are.Furthermore, in a very subtle but compelling way, Two Kinds also urges its readers to think about their past and where they are charge .This story prompts one to look at things in perspective find a way to come to terms with the past, be thankful of the present and look forward to the future with optimism.That being said, Two Kinds, with the infusion of literary brilliance, creativity and true-to-life experiences has proved to be a true testament of Amy Tans artistic brilliance- some(prenominal) for its literary content and social reflection. This story is but, one of a kind.Works CitedTan, Amy. Two Kinds. Title of the book of your faxed readings. Location Publi sher, Year Published. pages 180-187.

HIV/AIDS And Stigma | Essay

human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome And Stigma Essayhuman immunodeficiency virus/ aid is one of the challenges to human life and dignity. It affects all levels of society and has a monumental impact on global economic and fond development, (Rowden, 2009). Studies have been conducted on its impact on human life and how it could be controlled. This review was conducted by exploring literary productions from a variety of sources for published articles on HIV/AIDS and its scrape. Literature from research covering a period of 8 years from 2002-2010 was extracted from Assia, PubMed, Sage, British medical Journal, Cochrane and Absco-host, and reviewed for the study, objectives, methodology and key findings. Relevant books, journals, documents and reports from organisations much(prenominal) as UNAIDS, and the World Bank were also reviewed. Both qualitative and quantitative data was apply to present the information. disrespect facing a lot of criticism on i ts top-down approach, the biomedical model remains the dominant concept in health and illness. Its credibility lies on its scientific methods and expert knowledge used to diagnose or understand illness and treatment. This model views the body as a machine composed of unlike parts working together for it to function. If one part is not functioning properly, the aim is to find what is wrong with it through diagnosis and fix it by prescribing medicine, (Taylor Hawley 201012). focal point is therefore restricted to the physical illness of an individuals body and the scientific arrangement of disease, making the approach heavily based on pharmacology. While pharmacology is advantageous in the treatment and legal profession of HIV/AIDS, it is criticised for promoting the privilege of the biomedical model, further enhancing undermining of alternative approaches to health and healing. The biomedical approach may be inappropriate to some communities and create feelings of helplessness a nd vulnerability therefore affecting the success of the intervention. (Global Health Watch, 2008, Farmer, 1999).Lay concepts of health and illness ar diverse and complex than those of the medical model. They steering on peoples experiences of health and illness in relation to their overall life experiences and ar embedded within local social and cultural structures. Unlike in the biomedical approach, indigenous approaches seek to heal the whole person by linking the illness with the persons social and economic background, (Taylor, 2003). However critics of this model argue that impersonate concepts are difficult to evidence and research hence they remain marginalised and scarcely recognised as legitimate knowledge, (Taylor Hawley, 201013). On the contrary, Taylor, (2003) argues that sit perspective is crucial knowledge for world health as it identifies roots of illnesses for possible long term prevention and treatment for the larger population as compare to individually focuse d interventions. make of power systems such as the dominance of the medical model hinder progress on preventions and treatment of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and crack as they govern relationships in the midst of health structures and lay people. Goffman, (1990), and Parker and Aggleton, (2003),s theories of stigma in helping us to understand how stigma is constructed and its influence in peoples lives view stigma and disagreement as functional systems which maintain boundaries in the midst of those in power and those without. Through such power, social inequalities are developed leading to creation of social norms. These formulate stigma by governing interactions between people and reinforce power structures that serve to maintain control of the powerless, (Farmer, 2005). Both theories have been widely used in HIV related stigma to highlight how prejudice, negative attitudes, abuse and maltreatment directed towards PLWHA have hindered the progress of prevention and treatment.Rese arch highlights that stigma and discrimination in health care settings deriving from social power imbalances contribute a great deal in keeping people away from accessing HIV/AIDS treatment and care. Patients felt greatly affected by health workers feeling uncomfortable with them and treating them in an inferior manner. In Tanzania, some discriminatory and stigmatised practices such as gossiping nearly patients HIVs status, neglect, verbal abuse, testing and disclosing HIVs status without consent were noted, (D.C Synergy, 2005). Similarly in India, health workers were disclosing patients HIV status to their families without patients consent, (Mahedra et, al, 2007). Harassment, avoiding and isolation of HIV-positive patients and testing without focus are common features of stigmatisation in most studies. Some health workers wore protective clothing even if there was no physical contact during interactions. charge of being identified as infected with HIV also influenced people to have testing for HIV and only accessed services when their illness was at an travel stage, (Bond and Aggleton, 2002 Kinsler et al, 2007 Varga et al 2006 Kalichman and Simbayi, 2003). In Zambia, HIV-positive health workers were hiding their HIV status from their colleagues in fear of being stigmatised, (Dieleman et al, 2007).While most of the literature on HIV/AIDS and access to health services is negative, there is evidence of the value of supportive and de-stigmatising HIV services in some parts of the globe. Brazil has been hailed as a model by PLWHA. They reported supportive inclusive structural systems that create healthy environments that promote active battle of different groups in society and the government, (Caltado, 2008). In South Africa where most people believe in traditional healing, Aids Activism has made a positive significance in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment by translating and mediating the biomedical approach within local ideological frameworks which are easi ly understood and acted on by the locals, (Colvin, Robins, 2010).Literature reveals that collaboration between lay perspectives and biomedical approach is essential for successful control of HIV/AIDS and stigma. There is no cure for AIDS but Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) can prolong life by lowering levels of HIV in the body therefore delaying the process between HIV and AIDS, (Robin, 2009). Although ARVs are now readily available in most countries, numbers of newly infected people are rising slope. According to the World Bank, 60 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Access to treatment has increased dramatically but for every 100 people on treatment, 250 become newly infected, (World Bank, 2010). As such, pressure is now rising on the effectiveness of only relying on the biomedical approach for treatment and care of HIV/AIDS.While lay perspectives are considered effective, this cannot be confirmed as true with HIV/AIDS care. In South Africa, despite people heavily relying on traditional healing approaches, HIV prevalence continued to rise. deduction towards effective control of the epidemic has been noted with the increase in accessibility of ARVs, (Colvin, 2009). In the UNAIDS Report On The Global AIDS Epidemic 2010, in 7 countries, five of them in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, HIV incidences increased by more than 25% between 2001 and 2009. Sub Saharan Africa, although still stay the most highly affected by the epidemic, figures either stabilised or showed signs of decline owing to positive behaviour due to increased services that are embedded in local culture. The report affirms that stigma and discrimination, lack of access to services and bad laws can make the epidemic worse, (UNAIDS, 2010).Due to the challenges presented by HIV/AIDS to global public health, Baum. (2008241) calls for collective participation of all sectors in the fight against this deadly disease. She asserts that community level mobilisation where there is partnership betwe en lay people and structures is the effective way of combating HIV/AIDS and stigma. This is further supported by Farmer, (199990), who does not condone the dominance of the biomedical perspective in health and healing. He believes that lay people have a significant role in the process of health improvements and emphasises on the importance understanding lay peoples experiences as essential knowledge for successful interventions. He holds that health care services should be accessible to PLWHA without fear of being stigmatised. Educating health care professionals about the impact of stigma on patients and policies that encourage inclusion of PLWHA in decisions that affect their lives are some of the key factors of effectively tackling the epidemic. Parker and Aggleton, (2003) also claim collective participation between lay people and health structures as key to successful anti-stigma services.Relationships between health structures and PLWHA could also be improved by engaging lay peo ple through advocacy. The Greater Involvement of PLWHA, (GIPA) principle emphasises the need for involvement of PLWHA at all levels in combating HIV/AIDS because they understand their situation better. wherefore their voices could be heard well if their needs were presented by people in the same situation, (UNAIDS, 2007). In the Zambia study, professionals living with HIV/AIDS are in a better position to advocate for people accessing services. Baum, (2008550) affirms that advocacy involving public health practitioners is an effective way of influencing structural barriers in public health.Literature has highlighted the contested spirit of concepts of health and healing underpinning access to services providing treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS and its stigma. The biomedical approach conceptualises health and illness through science and expertness with focus on the individual. Lay concepts view health and healing as embedded within local social and cultural structures and theref ore seek to continue public health for a wider population. Literature suggests that neither approach in isolation is effective in prevention and care for HIV/AIDS. Arguments have centred on the importance of collaboration of the models. Therefore there is need for intervention programmes to develop holistic approaches that are underpinned by the two models but it is also important to understanding each of the concepts in its own right.

Strategies for Sustainable Rice Farming

Strategies for Sustainable Rice FarmingLOW CARBON INITIATIVES A RURAL APPRAISAL OF VARIOUS palliative STRATEGIES USED BY RICE FARMERS AS A SCHEME FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA SAVANNA.INTRODUCTIONMost of the warming that has occurred since mid-20th century is payable to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, human activities including modern agriculture contribute to the production GHGs and on the overall, about 14% of GHG emissions comes from the agricultural sector (IPCC, 1996).Several course findd and human produced GHGs trap heat. CO2, CH4, and N2O are long-lived in the atmosphere and are the study contributors to positive increases in radiative forces (IPCC, 1996).Agricultural activities are significant producers of CH4 and N2O, of the three main gases that are influenced by lay management and that are responsible for the potential greenhouse launch, CH4 has the 2nd greatest climate forcing potential of 27% CAST, (1992) arising from enteric u nrest of farm animals and rice cultivation.BACKGROUNDIn Nigeria, rice is one of the major cereals grown for food, the cultivable land to rice lies under five major ecologies that is to say rain fed upland, rain fed lowland, irrigated rice, deep water and tidal mangrove swamp (Olayemi, 1997). Although Nigeria is the largest rice producer in West Africa and 85% of the sum total production comes from the north FAO (2012), rice production still seeks an increase in yield to meet the budding population and reduce importation.According to Bello (2004), Nigeria has the potential to produce enough rice for its needs and even export but this is not achieved now because the technology, management practices and the efficiency with which farmers use resources influence productivity.JUSTIFICATIONSelf-sufficiency in rice production is the goal of the Nigerian regime, this has prompted the government to find ways of boosting topical anaesthetic rice production (Bello, 2004). Rice paddies have been identified as major CH4 source induced by human activities and Nigerian paddies are not left out. This poses a challenge as researchers are faced daily with the challenges of how to rationalize or adapt to climate deepen, increase adoption of low carbon practices in all sectors and ways to implement their findings in local and global context of use of sustainable resource management.Consequently, estimating CH4 emissions from rice paddies and evaluating the low carbon practices used by farmers has become a pressing issue for assessing GHG impacts from agroecosystems and development of mitigation options at local scales for sustainable resource management.ObjectivesSpatio-temporal mapping of lands well-behaved to rice from 1983 to 2013 in the study area.To compare the CH4 emissions from upland and lowland rice fields.Assess the sympathy of climate change and various low carbon practices among rice farmers for environmental protection.Understand the challenges associated with the adoption of low carbon options for rice cultivation.METHODOLOGYTo achieve the stated objectives, the study go forth involve Geo-spatial analysis, field measurements and socioeconomic survey.The study areaThe study impart be carried out in the savannah belt of Nigeria, Bida zone in Niger state volition be selected for the study because of its long history of rice cultivation and its proximity to National Cereal Research Institute, where technologies for cereal cultivation rise and are disseminated. The zone consists of three Local Government Areas (Lavun, Bida and Gbako) and has a total land area of 6, 181 km2.Geo-spatial analysisData Cloud free-Ortho-rectified Landsat images of the area for the eld 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 will be acquired from image vendors. summary ArcGIS and IDIRSI geo-spatial scapes will be used for the analysis of the Images. The images will be overlaid and an area of interest will be created from the overlay. soil truthing will be done to aid supe rvised classification of the false and true composites of the area. The map of the dominant land use change of the area will be generated for all(prenominal) stratum. Accuracy assessment of the classification will be done, image differencing of the land cover maps will quantify the changes in land sizes cultivated to rice.Methane measurement CH4 emission will be measured by using a portable methane gas meter (Gastech, Australia). Surface CH4 measurements from uplands and lowlands will be interpreted by inverting a 70mm diameter plastic funnel on the soil surface, the inlet tube of the CH4 meter will be connected to the funnel to testify CH4 concentrations (Kartik and Nanjappa).Sampling procedure and Data collectionA multistage sample will be adopted for the study. First, two administrative wards will be randomly selected from each Local Government Area, for the second stage, two resolutions will be selected randomly from each selected ward and at the third stage, 20 rice farmer s from each selected village will be randomly selected to give 80 farmers per Local Government Area and a total of 240 farmers from the zone. To allow for pre-testing and errors, 300 questionnaires will be printed.The sampling frame will focus on adult rice farmers who live in the communities and have been farming for over 25 years based on the assumption that these respondents will have adequate experiential knowledge about the subject matter.Primary data on the understanding of farmers about climate change, its effect on paddy farming, low carbon practices used and the challenges associated with the use of these practices will be collected by administering structured questionnaires to respondents in the study area.Statistical AnalysisAll data collected will be analyzed, using computer based Statistical Packages for Social apprehensions (SPSS) and STATA. A multiple linear regression will be used to link socioeconomic factors with factors that influence land use.REFERENCESCAST, 199 2. Preparing U.S. Agriculture for Global mood Change. Task Force Report No. 119. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IA.Facts and Figures about Niger State, Assessed from http//www.nigerstate.gov.ng/epubl/Facts%20and%20Figures%20about%20Niger%20State1.pdfKartik V. and Nanjappa A. Phytocapping An Innovative Technique to Reduce Methane Emission from Landfills. Assessed from methaneflux paper (Environmental Research Journal).pdfIntergovernmental Panel on humor Change (IPCC), 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. The Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, New York.Impact of Trade on interior(prenominal) Rice Production and the challenge of Self-sufficiency in Nigeria Assessed from www.warda.cgiar.org//RicePolicy/Chuma.E/Chuma.E.Nigeria.Pres.ppt.Olayemi, J.K 1997. The Nigerian Rice Industry Performance, Problems and Prospects. A research report p repared for Food and Agricuktural Organisation, FAO December 1997.UNCCS (United Nations Climate Change Secretariat), Emissions Summary for Nigeria, http//unfccc.int/files/ghg_data/ghg_data_unfccc/ghg_profiles/application/pdf/nga_ghg_profile.pdfWEBSITES USEDwww.ricenigeria.comEXPECTED RESULTS AND THE RELEVANCE OF MY PROJECT TO CLIMATE CHANGEThe distinctiveness of this study is that it seeks to incorporate the experiences of rural farmers in understanding the challenges associated with adopting Low carbon initiatives at local scales. This project aims atDescribing the local perception of climatic vagaries in their environmentCharacterizing the prevalent land use patterns in recent times.Characterizing the various local conservation practices used by rice farmers for resource conservation.Describing the effects and constraints of adopting resource protection practices.The study would reveal the changes in land cover as mediated by increase in productivity over the past thirty years in the study area and the associated methane emissions. This would be helpful in the cast sustainable resource conservation measures for climate protection. As well, the study will reveal the awareness level of the respondents on whatever facts about climate change and variability, its toll on rice farming and various measures used to adapt to these changes.Since considerable attention has not been given to mensuration results from adaptation and mitigation activities, results from this study hopes to be a working tool for the Nigerian government in the development of a simple Monitoring, Reporting and stay (MRV) plan that is more readily useable by farmers through capacity building and technology development or transfer.This study will in any case contribute insight into local resource conservation strategies that can be improved upon for sustainable resource management. The dataset will therefore become a working tool for the government, legislators, private sector, civil socie ty and other stakeholders for appropriate understanding on the trends of greenhouse gas emission from paddies in Bida zone for necessary policy formulation on strategies to reduce the emissions in order to improve ecological system conservation and mitigate global warming.Please explain how you intend to hap the project results during and after the sponsorship period and which target groups you particularly want to address. (2,000 characters max.The ultimate foci of this study is to raise public awareness on the amount of greenhouse gases released from paddies, it also intends to assess the low carbon strategies used by farmers and the challenges associated with using them. The major target groups are the locals and government officials.Although, the communities have limited expertise at nigh stages of the study, I intend to work in partnership with them for their ability to suggest strategies that would facilitate data collection and ensure that the data collected are instance of the partnership during the study. This will be done by clearly explaining the purpose of the study to the community head, since he has a very good knowledge of the community and can help ensure that all factors required for the study is provided.The proximity of the National Cereal Research Institute (NCRI) will be of great attention during the study and dissemination of results. They will be helpful in providing previous research results and some experimental techniques that will be invaluable in the design of the survey.Usually, conveying research results requires wisdom to avoid rejection. Before communicating the research results to the entire community, results will discussed with the study team from NCRI and the community representatives.Also, since the FADAMA intervention programmes that serve as an intermediary between the government and the communities are common around the study area, assistance will be sought from the FADAMA facilitators during the study and when com municating the research results to the government to enhance acceptance for policy formulation.Timeline of the project, including milestonesTIME FRAME (MONTHS)ACTIVITY1-2Arrival in Germany, Intensive German language course3Reconnaissance survey, acquisition of project materials and pretesting of questionnaire4-6Questionnaire administration and analysis.7-10Image acquisition, geospatial analysis and ground truthing11-12Preliminary write-up and corrections13-14Presentations and submissionThis study is expected to cover a one calendar year period, although this proposed duration is subject to modifications from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Cyber Bullying and Racial Discrimination

Cyber Bullying and Racial DiscriminationMelissa Hui Xin YueQ3 In the recent times, cyber bullying and hatred mongering towards people groups have increased, especially in social networks such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. Islamophobia, Anti-Semitism and other forms of similar negative impressions have dominated cyber space. Analytically hash out trends and means to combat the above mentioned phenomena in an amicable and workable manner.According to Bill Belsey (2000), cyberbullying is defined as activity that involves the use of information and talk technologies to support deliberate, repeated and hostile behaviour by an individual or group that is intended to harm others. In this digital era, it is without a doubt that nearly children have their own cell phones, and with the fast Internet connectivity, it is safe to assume that most of the children has at least one social media account. This increase the chance of them macrocosm a cyberbully or being cyberbullied. Islamo phobia and Anti-Semitism is generally associated with bullying. In a 1991 Runnymede Trust Report, Islamophobia was defined as hostility towards Muslims, and therefore fear or disfavor of all or most Muslims. Whereas Anti-Semitism is the prejudice, discrimination and hatred of Jews as a national, ethnic, religious or a racial group (Lipset, 1969). These cyberbullying activities female genitals be stopped and prevented by raising awareness for Islamic practices and Judaism, have counselling for students who are being cyberbullied and g all overnments efforts in stopping cyberbully.Cyberbullying activities towards Jews and Muslims is a trouble that can be stopped by raising awareness about(predicate) Islamic practices and Judaism. Awareness can be raised by operating campaigns about Islamic belief and Judaism. These campaigns should run throughout the whole year in schools and also in public areas. Governments and schools should see the brighter side of these two religions instead of stereotyping them as terrorist in accordance to what have happened in the events of 9/11 Attacks in New York (2001) and Charlie Hebdo killings (2014). According to Martin et al. (2011), stereotyping is categorizing information about others in daily life. Campaigns should have activities standardised cultural talks about what Islamic beliefs and Judaism are about. What could be better than a little bit of eye candy to catch your attention? dress and accessories can be utilize as a media to spread awareness. Example, you can wear a blue t-shirt in support of Islamic beliefs and Judaism. Games and activities with the Muslims and Jews give award how friendly and fun they are in contrast of the stereotypes that people have about them. Student exchange programmes are a good way to raise awareness on Muslim students or Jewish students. These students can show their host families about their religion and culture, prompting their host families to stop having stereotypes towards the s tudents religion. In response to the event September 11, 2001, Kennedy-Lugar Youth Exchange and Study Program is one of the programme that provides scholarship for students from Islamic countries to learn about American smart set and values (YESprograms, 2002). With raising awareness, this will help the students and society to not be afraid of Muslims and Jews. Thus, discrimination and cyberbullying towards Muslims and Jews will decrease because they understand and empathize that everyone in the humankind has feelings.Counselling is a great way to stop cyberbullying. Although you might think that counselling will not do much change, but in fact, gibe to Bower and Rowland (2006), counselling is more effective than usual care, people receiving counselling is likely to be satisfied after treatment. Muslims and Jews who are being cyberbullied can go to see a counsellor whether at school or outside of school. Victims can choose to join either one-on-one sessions if they are too unsur e or they can join group sessions where they get to listen to other victims experiences. Listening to other victims can help them because they empathize with the victims. Based on Dr Bren embrowns research (2010), she defines shame as the intensely painful feeling or experience of believing that we are flawed and therefore unworthy of enjoy and belonging. When a victim decides to share his or her experience, the victim is being courageous to face his or her problem. Counsellors should alship canal encourage the victims to talk about their feelings and relieve their accent mark about being in their own religion. Group sessions not only have experience sharing, but also should have games and activities to bring the victims together and show them that they are not alone. Dr Bren Brown once said, To practice courage and compassion is to look at life and people around us. Counsellors should teach the victims the ways to protect themselves when they are being cyberbullied, like reporti ng to the police or blocking the cyberbully on earnings. No doubt that counselling is able to draw an bushel in the lives of victims of cyberbully.The Government should do their parts in stopping cyberbullying toward Muslims and Jews. Whenever victims report about cyberbullying, the police should not turn a blind eye over them just because the police is Islamophobia or Anti-Semitism. Police should be fair and just when it comes to criminal and law-breaking citizens. B.F. Skinner (1938) coined the term operant conditioning it means approximately changing of behaviour by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. If the cyberbully is a student, the school should give warning to the cyberbully. The cyberbully must undergo almsgiving hours if caught cyberbullying anyone if caught by the school. These charity hours help them to reflect on themselves for what they have done so that they will not repeat it again. Governments should take away the cyberbullies e lectronic devices and internet when they are caught cyberbullying. Government should impose and reinforce the laws on cyberbullying. Hiring more cyber polices will help to decrease the cyberbullying rate. Actions will be taken if the cyber police accepts bribery from the cyberbully. Incentives can be given by the government for the non-profit counselling groups that help the victims of cyberbullying. The government should provide a building for the non-profit counselling groups to do their activities in. By doing this, the government is share the victims indirectly because the government provided facilities for the counselling groups. Thus, Muslims and Jews can share their emotions and relieve their stress caused by cyberbullying.Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism should not be the topic for cyberbullying nor should any characteristics be used as a topic for cyberbullying. You may not be the ones being cyberbullied, maybe one day your child might be cyberbullied. Being innate(p) into y our own race is not your fault or your choice, we cannot change our race and should not discriminate other race as well. So, let us make an effort to stop cyberbully towards Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism by raising awareness, counselling sessions and also governments efforts in stopping cyberbullying.ReferencesBelsey, B. (2000). Cyberbullying. Retrieved March 10, 2015, from http//www.cyberbullying.org/Defining Islamophobia (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2015, from http//crg.berkeley.edu/ study/islamophobia/defining-islamophobia9/11 Attacks. (2010). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http//www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacksCharlie Hebdo and its satirical role. (2015, January 8). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http//www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15551998About YES Program. (2001, January 1). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http//yesprograms.org/aboutLipset, S. M., The Socialism of Fools- The Left, the Jews and Israel, Encounter, (December 1969), p.24 Retrieved March 11, 2015Martin, J.N. , Na kayama, T.K. (2011), Experiencing Intercultural Communication, McGraw-Hill International EditionBower Peter, J. and N. Rowland (2006) military capability and cost effectiveness of counselling in primary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Retrieved March 12, 2015Brown, B. (2010, September 1). The Gifts of Imperfection Let Go of Who You Think Youre Supposed to Be and extort Who You Are. Retrieved March 12, 2015Skinner, B. F. (1938).The Behavior of organisms An experimental analysis. New York Appleton-Century.

The Unexpected Deaths :: essays research papers

Too much time on your hands can be self-destructing. It happens everyday, a woman with seemingly little to do with herself is able to place and ponder her future she is able to take a step back and examine where she has been and what could possibly lie ahead. Chilling to some who cant til now remember what they had for breakfast this morning and more disturbing to those who are not happy with the direction they are headed. But does it re all(prenominal)y matter in the termination whether or not your toast had butter or jam on it or whether the things you have done in your time made you rich? The flow Rosencrantz & Guildenstern are Dead by Tom Stoppard examines the universal truth of the end of your days and the notion that what is in between really wont deem when it is all over. Guildenstern, the more seemingly wiser of the duo, makes a comwork forcet in the first act to Rosencrantz, saying, The only beginning is birth and the only end is death- if you cant count on that, what can you count on? (39). With this said, dont you think that our two characters would do all they can to try and change the ordain before them, to try to defy the laws of finality and probability, just as it happened in the flipping of the coins? However, it does not seem that these two men are capable of such high thought. And, as said in class, the record book has already been written, so wouldnt any change you feel you were making already be in the script?However, in this play, whether you want to call it a tragic comedy or a comic tragedy, two men have basically seen the fate of all man and know that the end will come. There is nothing anyone can do about it. Moving along in the play though, they seem more and more nave to the fact that they too will come to an end. They have refused to see deeper into the play acted out before them, the story that tells of their ending.What does bring depth to these characters is the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern do try to make sen se of their existence and go through the play blissfully unaware of where it will all end. Ironic as that may sound, especially since Guildenstern did make a point to say that birth and death are the two things in life you can count on, the two men seem to think that just as the coin ended up on heads for ninety times, they too will defy the odds.

Influences On Early American L :: essays research papers

It is strange to consider Thomas Jeffersons writings when speaking on traits of the American. Jefferson never wrote directly on the topic of the general character of the American. It was he, who was more responsible for setting the parameters of a society which would fulfill the ideals of what would become a part of the American character. He knew that self-direction and equality could not exist in a hierarchical society. He also was aware that a society which was primarily production oriented, bound unitedly by interdependence on those who controlled the the financial resources would put to much power in the hands of a few. A society of farmers, he believed, could support a society based on individualism and not conformity. This view, read by early Americans, led to the view of the American being an individualist and not a conformist.In order to be considered a nation the people have to be united through a series of common qualities and values. The most distinguished of these is the quality of individualism. To be an individualist ties in all the other essential qualities of being an American such as the right to create your own destiny. The setback of this value is conformity, an essential trait of those under a hierarchical system such as a monarchy. Conformity is not only seen as a trait of the subservient but also a destroyer of true democracy.Individualism was a trait actual selected for by the very processes which led a certain type of person to come to America. The non-conformists were people who would not allow themselves to be goaded into directions the monarchs of the old world wanted them to follow. This type of person has to be and individualist because a conformist would just remain in the old world content to follow the lead of others. The effect of settling a wild also was a contributing factor to the formation of this trait. Being isolated from others and most of the time totally dependent on yourself or the small heap to which you belong ed for all your needs is very conducive to further development of individualism.This individualism could only thrive in a society such as the champion Jefferson conceived. As society develops and the populations become concentrated interdependency grows killing off the independent spirit. As society changed from an agrarian one to production oriented society, starting in the early 1800s, Americans became dependent on others for things which they no longer produced as a family unit.